Q1. What kind of destruction can be caused by violent wind?
Ans: The wind can cause significant destruction due to its violent force. It damages both life and property, leading to the collapse of buildings and broken window shutters. Papers are scattered and books are thrown down, while heavy rain from storm clouds creates further challenges for vulnerable individuals. When strong winds blow, fragile houses can crumble, doors may come off their hinges, and wooden rafters can fall. Additionally, small fires are often extinguished by the wind. The wind god demonstrates his power by overwhelming weak structures and people, resulting in widespread devastation.
Q2. How does the poet use wind as a symbol in relation to human beings?
Ans: In the poet’s view, the wind symbolises the hardships faced by human beings throughout life. People encounter significant suffering, sorrow, and challenges. Only those with great strength can overcome these difficulties and continue moving forward. Weaker individuals often succumb to these struggles and accept defeat. In contrast, those who are strong, patient, and determined can confront their challenges and emerge even more resilient.
Life is inherently filled with struggles, and one must possess both physical and mental strength to navigate unfavourable circumstances. The winds of trouble cannot harm those who stand firm. Strong individuals have the ability to transform their challenges into opportunities and learn valuable lessons from them. They know how to turn the tides in their favour.
Q3. Which values of life do the poet emphasizes in the poem?
Ans: The poem “Wind” by Subramania Bharati conveys a profound moral lesson for humanity. The poet uses the wind as a symbol of life’s challenges, while sturdy structures represent resilient individuals. Through these symbols and direct statements, the poet highlights the importance of strong physical health, mental strength, confidence, and determination.
Life is not easy; it is filled with obstacles. Only those who are weak-willed and frail struggle to overcome these challenges and accept defeat. In contrast, individuals with courage can withstand adverse circumstances. Difficulties are inevitable in life, but they can be faced with courage and confidence.
Q4. Why does the poet suggest to the people that they have to be strong? Write your answer in the context of the poem, ‘Wind’.
Ans: According to the poet, the wind is immensely powerful. It can break the shutters of windows, scatter papers, and throw books off shelves. When it blows violently, it brings clouds and mocks the weak, often destroying their homes. The weak are truly helpless against the wind’s force. However, the poet remains hopeful, believing that when people build strong houses, they can stand up to the wind. He encourages people to be strong at heart, as only those with a strong heart and body can face life’s challenges. The poet’s message is clear: strength is essential to confront the difficulties that life presents.
Q5. How can you say that friendship with the strong wind is good? Explain with reference to the poem ‘Wind’.
Ans: Having a friendship with the strong wind teaches us valuable lessons. It shows us that we can become resilient when facing challenges. People often say that if we are strong, the wind will be our friend, as it prefers to associate with the strong. To earn this friendship, we must demonstrate courage. This idea is central to the poet’s message about having a steadfast heart in the poem.
Q6. How can you say that the poet of the poem ‘Wind’ is a great lover of mankind?
Ans: The poet aims to make people strong at heart, encouraging them to be bold in facing life’s challenges. Just as sturdy houses protect us from the fierce wind, a strong heart helps us tackle life’s difficulties. Only the weak succumb to life’s problems. The poet’s desire for people to confront challenges and find happiness illustrates his deep compassion for humanity. This perspective reveals him as a true humanist, whose heart is filled with care for mankind.
Q7. The wind is a symbol of power and strength. How can we befriend it and survive in our struggle for existence?
Ans: The wind represents the uncontrollable and raw power of nature. It embodies strength and steadfastness, often overwhelming those who are weak in mind and body. Only individuals with strong minds and hearts can endure life’s challenges. The poet conveys a broader message: our actions and thoughts must be rooted in strength and power. To befriend the wind, we should construct sturdy homes and secure our doors. Additionally, we can gain its favour by strengthening our bodies and fortifying our hearts. By doing so, we can coexist peacefully with the wind, which extinguishes weak fires but allows strong fires to thrive.
Q8. What moral lesson do you get from the poem ‘Wind’?
Ans: The poem wind conveys important moral lessons. The poet expresses that individuals must be strong at heart, as only the weak are overwhelmed by challenges. In this context, the wind represents the difficulties that can disrupt life. However, those who possess inner strength can confront these challenges. They endure and ultimately emerge victorious.
प्रस्तुत लेख में बचेंद्री पाल ने अपने अभियान का रोमांचकारी वर्णन किया है कि 7 मार्च को एवरेस्ट अभियान दल दिल्ली से काठमांडू के लिए चला। नमचे बाज़ार से लेखिका ने एवरेस्ट को निहारा। लेखिका ने एवरेस्ट पर एक बड़ा भारी बर्फ़ का फूल देखा। यह तेज़ हवा के कारण बनता है। 26 मार्च को अभियान दल पैरिच पहुँचा तो पता चला कि खुंभु हिमपात पर जाने वाले शेरपा कुलियों में से बर्फ़ खिसकने के कारन एक कुली की मॄत्यु हो गई और चार लोग घायल हो गए। बेस कैंप पहुँचकर पता चला कि प्रतिकूल जलवायु के कारण एक रसोई सहायक की मृत्यु हो गई है। फिर दल को ज़रुरी प्रशिक्षण दिया गया। 29 अप्रैल को वे 7900 मीटर ऊँचाई पर स्थित बेस कैंप पहुँचे जहाँ तेनजिंग ने लेखिका का हौसला बढ़ाया। 15-16 मई, 1984 को अचानक रात 12:30 बजे कैंप पर ग्लेशियर टूट पड़ा जिससे कैंप तहस-नहस हो गया , हर व्यक्ति चोट-ग्रस्त हुआ। लेखिका बर्फ़ में दब गई थी। उन्हें बर्फ़ से निकाला गया।
फिर कुछ दिनों बाद लेखिका साउथकोल कैंप पहुँची। वहाँ उन्होंने पीछे आने वाले साथियों की मदद करके सबको खुश कर दिया। अगले दिन वह प्रात: ही अंगदोरज़ी के साथ शिखर – यात्रा पर निकली। अथक परिश्रम के बाद वे शिखर – कैंप पहुँचे। एक और साथी ल्हाटू के आ जाने से और ऑक्सीजन आपूर्ति बढ़ जाने से चढ़ाई आसान हो गई। 23 मई , 1984 को दोपहर 1:07 बजे लेखिका एवरेस्ट की चोटी पर खड़ी थी। वह एवरेस्त पर चढ़ने वाली पहली भारतीय महिला थी। चोटी पर दो व्यक्तियों के साथ खड़े होने की ज़गह नहीं थी, उन्होंने बर्फ के फावड़े से बर्फ की खुदाई कर अपने आप को सुरक्षित किया। लेखिका ने घुटनों के बल बैठकर ‘सागरमाथे’ के ताज को चूमा। फिर दुर्गा माँ तथा हनुमान चालीसा को कपडे में लपेटकर बर्फ़ में दबा दिया। अंगदोरज़ी ने उन्हें गले से लगकर बधाई दी। कर्नल खुल्लर ने उन्हें बधाई देते हुए कहा – मैं तुम्हरे मात-पिता को बधाई देना चाहूँगा। देश को तुम पर गर्व है। अब तुम जो नीचे आओगी , तो तुम्हें एक नया संसार देखने को मिलेगा।
लेखक परिचय
बचेंद्री पाल
इनका जन्म सन 24 मई, 1954 को उत्तरांचल के चमोली जिले के बमपा गाँव में हुआ। पिता पढ़ाई का खर्च नहीं उठा सकते थे। अत: बचेंद्री को आठवीं से आगे की पढ़ाई का खर्च सिलाई-कढ़ाई करके जुटाना पड़ा।
विषम परिस्थितियों के बावज़ूद बचेंद्री ने संस्कृत में एम.ए. और फिर बी. एड. की शिक्षा हासिल की। बचेंद्री को पहाद़्ओं पर चढ़ने शौक़ बचपन से था। पढ़ाई पूरी करके वह एवरेस्ट अभियान – दल में शामिल हो गईं। कई महीनों के अभ्यास के बाद आखिर वह दिन आ ही गया , जब उन्होंने एवरेस्ट विजय के लिए प्रयाण किया।
अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न प्रश्न. 1. कवयित्री अपने प्रभु से क्या प्रार्थना कर रही है ? उत्तर: कवयित्री प्रभु से अपने दुःख दूर करने की प्रार्थना कर रही है।
प्रश्न. 2. ईश्वर ने किस-किसके दुःखों को दूर किया है ? उत्तर: ईश्वर ने द्रोपदी, भक्त प्रहलाद, ऐरावत हाथी आदि के दुःखों को दूर किया है।
प्रश्न. 3. द्रौपदी की लाज रखने के लिए प्रभु ने क्या चमत्कार किया ? उत्तर: द्रौपदी की लाज बचाने के लिए प्रभु ने उसका चीर बढ़ाया।
प्रश्न. 4. कृष्ण ने नरहरि का रूप क्यों धारण किया ? उत्तर: कृष्ण ने भक्त प्रहलाद की रक्षा के लिए नरहरि का रूप धारण किया।
प्रश्न. 5. मीराबाई श्याम की चाकरी क्यों करना चाहती हैं ? स्पष्ट कीजिए। अथवा मीराबाई श्रीकृष्ण की चाकरी क्यों करना चाहती हैं ? उत्तर: मीराबाई श्याम (श्रीकृष्ण) की चाकरी इसलिए करना चाहती हैं, क्योंकि उनकी चाकरी करने पर मीरा को नित्य दर्शन का लाभ मिलेगा, वृंदावन की कुंज गली में गोविन्द की लीलाओं को गा सकेंगी और उन्हें भक्ति भाव का साम्राज्य प्राप्त हो जाएगा।
प्रश्न. 6. मीरा कृष्ण से क्या प्रार्थना कर रही हैं ? उत्तर: मीरा कृष्ण से उन्हें अपनी सेविका बनाने के लिए प्रार्थना कर रही हैं।
प्रश्न. 7. ‘चाकर रहस्यूँ बाग लगास्यूँ नित उठ दरसण पास्यूँ’ का आशय क्या है ? उत्तर: आशय-आपकी दासी बनकर बाग लगाऊँगी और रोज आपके दर्शन करूँगी।
प्रश्न. 8. मीरा कृष्ण की लीलाओं का गुणगान कहाँ करना चाहती हैं ? उत्तर: मीरा कृष्ण की लीलाओं का गुणगान वृन्दावन की कुँज गलियों में करना चाहती हैं।
प्रश्न. 9. कृष्ण की चाकरी करने पर मीरा को कौन-सी जागीर प्राप्त होगी ? उत्तर: कृष्ण की चाकरी करने पर मीरा को कृष्ण की भक्ति की जागीर प्राप्त होगी।
प्रश्न. 10. भाव-भक्ति को जागीर क्यों कहा गया है ? उसके लिए क्या आवश्यक है ? उत्तर: किसी भी सच्चे भक्त के लिए सबसे बड़ी जागीर है-उसका भगवान। भगवान को पाने का सर्वाेत्तम साधन है-भक्ति। मीरा भावपूर्ण भक्ति की उपासिका थीं। उसी के माध्यम से वे अपने कृष्ण को पा सकती थीं। इसलिए भाव-भक्ति उनके लिए जागीर के समान थी।
प्रश्न. 11. ‘मोर मुगट’ शब्द का तात्पर्य क्या है ? उत्तर: ‘मोर मुगट’ शब्द का तात्पर्य है ‘मोर पंख से युक्त मुकुट’।
प्रश्न. 12. कृष्ण के गले में क्या पड़ा है ? उत्तर: कृष्ण के गले में वैजन्ती माला पड़ी है।
प्रश्न. 13. मीरा ऊँचे-ऊँचे महलों के बीच-बीच में ‘बारी’ क्यों बनाना चाहती हैं ? उत्तर: मीरा ऊँचे-ऊँचे महलों के बीच-बीच में ‘बारी’ बनकर श्रीकृष्ण के दर्शन कर सकें।
प्रश्न. 14. ‘कुसुम्बी’ का क्या तात्पर्य है ? उत्तर: ‘कुसुम्बी’ का तात्पर्य है-गहरा लाल।
प्रश्न. 15. मीरा श्रीकृष्ण से क्या प्रार्थना करती हैं ? उत्तर: मीरा श्रीकृष्ण से उन्हें यमुना के तट पर आधी रात के समय दर्शन देने की प्रार्थना करती है।
लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न प्रश्न. 1. ‘हरि आप हरो……’ पद में मीरा ने किन-किन पर की गई कृपा को स्मरण करते हरि से अपनी पीड़ा हरने की विनती की है ? उत्तर: इस पद में हरि से अपनी पीड़ा को हरने की विनती करते समय मीरा उन्हें उनकी दया का स्मरण कराती हैं कि उन्होंने चीर बढ़ाकर द्रौपदी की लाज बचाई थी, भक्त प्रहलाद को बचाने के लिए नरसिंह रूप धारण किया था तथा डूबते गजराज को मगरमच्छ के मुँह से बचाया था। मीरा चाहती हैं कि उसी प्रकार कृष्ण अपनी इसी मर्यादा के अनुरूप उनकी (मीरा की) पीड़ा का भी हरण कर लें।
प्रश्न. 2. कौन-कौन से उदाहरण देकर मीरा ने हरि से अपनी पीड़ा हरने की विनती किस प्रकार की है ? अथवा मीरा ने हरि से अपनी पीड़ा हरने की विनती किस प्रकार की है ? उत्तर: मीराबाई श्रीकृष्ण से बड़े ही विनम्र शब्दों में अपनी पीड़ा हरने के लिए प्रार्थना करती हुई कहती हैं, कि हे प्रभु! आप हमारी पीड़ा दूर करो। जिस प्रकार आपने द्रौपदी की लाज चीर बढ़ाकर की थी, भक्त प्रहलाद की रक्षा नरसिंह रूप धारण करके की थी, डूबते हुए हाथी की रक्षा की, मगरमच्छ को मारकर कुँजर की रक्षा की थी, उसी प्रकार आप मेरी भी रक्षा करें।
प्रश्न. 3. भगवान अपने भक्तों की रक्षा करते हैं-सोदाहरण सिद्ध कीजिए। उत्तर: भगवान अपने भक्तों की रक्षा करते हैं। कृष्ण ने द्रौपदी की लाज बचाने के लिए उसे वस्त्र प्रदान किए। उसे सभा में निर्वस्त्र होने से बचा लिया। भगवान विष्णु ने अपने भक्त प्रहलाद की रक्षा के लिए नरसिंह का रूप धारण किया तथा हिरण्यकश्यप का पेट फाड़ डाला। इसी भाँति उन्होंने डूबते हुए हाथी के मुख से हरि नाम सुनकर उसे मगरमच्छ के मुँह ये बचा लिया।
प्रश्न. 4. चाकरी से मीरा को क्या लाभ मिलेगा ? उत्तर: चाकरी से मीरा को कृष्ण दर्शन का लाभ मिलेगा। वह नित्य श्रीकृष्ण के दर्शन कर सकेगी और वृन्दावन की कुंज गली में गोविन्द की लीलाओं को गा सकेगी। जिससे उसे भक्तिभाव का साम्राज्य प्राप्त हो जाएगा।
प्रश्न. 5. मीराबाई ने श्रीकृष्ण के रूप-सौंदर्य का वर्णन कैसे किया है ? उत्तर: मीराबाई ने श्रीकृष्ण के रूप-सौंदर्य का वर्णन इस प्रकार किया है-श्रीकृष्ण का रूप-सौंदर्य और मुखाकृति आकर्षित करने वाली है, उन्होंने अपने सिर पर मोर के पंखों का मुकुट पहन रखा है, गले में वैजन्ती के पुष्पों की माला है, शरीर पर पीले रंग का वस्त्र अर्थात् पीताम्बर सुशोभित हो रहा है, हाथों में बाँसुरी को धारण कर वृंदावन में यमुना के तट पर गायें चराने जा रहे हैं। प्रश्न. 6. मीरा कृष्ण के लिए कुसुम्बी साड़ी क्यों पहनना चाहती हैं ? उत्तर:
कृष्ण भी पीताम्बर धारण करते हैं।
कुसुम्बी साड़ी जोगन मीरा के अनुकूल है।
व्याख्यात्मक हल: मीरा कृष्ण दर्शन के लिए कुसुम्बी साड़ी इसलिए पहनना चाहती है क्योंकि वह अपने आप को पीताम्बर धारण करने वाले कृष्ण के सामने जोगन के रूप में प्रस्तुत करना चाहती है। कुसुम्बी साड़ी जोगन मीरा के अनुकूल है क्योंकि कुसुम्बी का अर्थ है- गहरा लाल।
प्रश्न. 7. मीरा कृष्ण को अपना प्रियतम मानती हैं। उनकी भक्ति में प्रेम का पुट अधिक है- सिद्ध कीजिए। उत्तर: मीरा कृष्ण को अपना प्रियतम मानती हैं इसलिए वह उनके सुन्दर छबीले रूप की आराधना करती हैं और लाल साड़ी पहनकर उनसे यमुना तट पर मिलना चाहती हैं। इससे स्पष्ट है कि उनकी भक्ति में प्रेम का पुट अधिक है।
प्रश्न. 8. निम्नलिखित पंक्तियों का भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए: (क) हरि आप हरो जन री भीर। द्रौपदी की लाज राखी, आप बढ़ायौ चीर। भगत कारण रूप नर हरि, धर्यौ आप शरीर। (ख) बूढ़तो गजराज राख्यो, काटी कुज्जर पीर। दासी मीरा लाल गिरधर, हरौ म्हारी भीर।। (ग) चाकरी में दरसण पास्यूँ, सुमरण पास्यूँ खरची। भाव भगती जागीरी पास्यूँ, तीनूँ बाताँ सरसी।। उत्तर: (क) भाव- मीराबाई ईश्वर से भक्त एवं व्यक्तियों की पीड़ा दूर करने की प्रार्थना करती हुई कहती हैं कि द्रौपदी की लाज बचाने के लिए भगवान ने चीर बढ़ा दिया था तथा भक्त प्रहलाद की रक्षा हेतु नरसिंह का रूप हरि ने धारण किया था। (ख)भाव- मीराबाई ईश्वर से प्रार्थना कर रही है कि जिस प्रकार डूबते गजराज की रक्षा मगरमच्छ को मारकर की थी उसी प्रकार आप अपनी दासी मीरा की पीड़ा को दूर करो। (ग) भाव- मीराबाई श्रीकृष्ण की चाकरी करना चाहती हैं। अतः वह श्रीकृष्ण से उन्हें चाकर रखने की प्रार्थना करती हुई कहती हैं कि चाकरी करने पर उन्हें बदले में दर्शन पाने की इच्छा है। जो स्मरण पाएँगी उसे वे खर्च समझकर रख लेंगी। भक्ति-भाव की जागीर उन्हें प्राप्त हो जाएगी।
प्रश्न. 9. ‘द्रोपदी री लाज राखी’ के आधार पर भगवान के रक्षक-रूप का वर्णन कीजिए। मीरा के पद के आधार पर लिखिए। उत्तर: कृष्ण अपने भक्तों और प्रियजनों की रक्षा करने वाले हैं। द्रोपदी की लाज बचाकर उन्होंने यह साबित कर दिया। व्याख्यात्मक हल: भगवान कृष्ण अपने भक्तों और प्रियजनों की रक्षा करते थे। एक बार पांडवों ने जुए में द्रौपदी को दाँव पर लगा दिया और हार गए। कौरव जीत गए। दुर्योधन ने अपने भाई दुःशासन को आदेश दिया कि वह द्रौपदी को सभा में खींच लाए और उसे निर्वस्त्र कर दे। तब किसी पांडव ने उसकी रक्षा न की। द्रौपदी ने मन ही मन कृष्ण को याद किया। कृष्ण प्रकट हुए। उन्होंने द्रौपदी का चीर बढ़ाकर उसकी लाज बचाई।
प्रश्न. 10. द्रौपदी की लाज बचाने के लिए कृष्ण ने क्या किया था? मीरा के पद के आधार पर स्पष्ट कीजिए। उत्तर:
चीर बढ़ाया
संकट में केवल प्रभु सहायक, उन्होंने उसके सम्मान की रक्षा की
व्याख्यात्मक हल: द्रौपदी की लाज बचाने के लिए कृष्ण ने कौरवों की सभा में द्रौपदी चीर-हरण के समय द्रौपदी का चीर बढ़ाया था। इस प्रकार संकट के समय प्रभु ने भक्त की सहायता करके उसके सम्मान की रक्षा की थी।
Multiple Choice Questions Q1: A person can withdraw money from a bank by issuing a cheque. What is a cheque? (a) Loan taken by the bank. (b) Loan taken by the depositor from the bank. (c) Paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount. (d) Paper valid to withdraw money Ans: (c)
Q2: Which one of the following is not a formal source of credit? (a) Commercial Banks (b) State Bank of India (c) Employers (d) Co-operatives Ans: (c)
Q3: All the banks actas mediator between _________ and _________. (a) rural people, urban people (b) literates, illiterates (c) people, government (d) depositors, borrowers Ans: (d)
Q4: Organised credit is also called (a) informal credit (b) formal credit (c) cooperative credit (d) none of these Ans: (b)
Q5: A porter making pots, wants to exchange pots for wheat. Lukily, he meets a farmer who has wheat and is willing to exchange it for the pots. What is this situation known as? (a) Incidence of wants (b) Double coincidence of wants (c) Barter system of wants (d) None of the above Ans: (b)
Q6: Organised credit is also called (a) informal credit (b) formal credit (c) cooperative credit (d) none of these Ans: (b)
Q7: Modern form of money is linked with which system? (a) Accounts system (b) Finance system (c) Banking system (d) None of the above. Ans: (c)
Q8: Which one of the following does not come under terms of credit? (a) Interest rate (b) Employment (c) Collateral (d) Mode of repayment. Ans: (b)
Q9: What are electronic banking services? (a) ATM (b) Debit Card (c) Credit Card (d) All of the above. Ans: (d)
Q10: A person can withdraw money by issuing a cheque. What is a cheque? (a) Loan taken by the bank. (b) Loan taken by the depositor from the bank. (c) Paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount. (d) Paper valid to withdraw money Ans: (c)
Fill in The Blanks Direction: Complete the following statements with appropriate word(s). Q1: Modern forms of money include _______ (gold coins/ paper notes) Ans: Paper notes
Q2: Deposits in bank accounts withdrawn on demand are called _____ . Ans: Demand deposits
Q3: _____ issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government. Ans: Reserve Bank of India
Q4: Majority of the credit needs of the _____ households are met from informal sources. Ans: poor
Q5: _____ is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee until the loan is repaid to the lender. Ans: Collateral
True & False
Direction: Read each of the following statements and write if it is true or false. Q1: In a SHG, most of the decisions regarding savings and loan activities are taken by government. Ans: False
Q2: The collateral demand that lenders make loans against are vehicle and building of the borrower. Ans: True
Assertion And Reason Type Questions Direction Mark the option which is most suitable :‘ Q1: Assertion: In India, no individual can refuse to accept a payment made in rupees. Reason: Rupee is the legal tender in India. (a) If Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. (b) If Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. (c) If Assertion is true, but reason is false. (d) If Both assertion and reason are false. Ans: (a) The law legalizes the use of rupee as a medium of payment that cannot be refused in settling transactions in India.
Q2: Assertion: Banks keep only a small proportion of their deposits as cash with themselves. Reason: Banks in India these days hold about 15 per cent of their deposits as cash. (a) If Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. (b) If Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. (c) If Assertion is true, but reason is false. (d) If Both assertion and reason are false. Ans: (b) Banks keep only a small proportion of their deposits as cash with themselves because they use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans as there is a huge demand for Ioans for various economic activities.
Q3: Assertion: Rohan took credit in the form of advance payment from a buyer and he delivered the goods to the buyer on time and also earned profit. The credit made Rohan better off in this situation. Reason: Credit can never push a person into a debt trap. (a) If Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. (b) If Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. (c) If Assertion is true, but reason is false. (d) If Both assertion and reason are false. Ans: (c) The credit made Rohan better off in this situation, however, Rohan would have been worse off if he had failed to deliver the goods on time or he had made a loss in the production process. The latter two situations may have caused Rohan to fall in a debt trap.
Q4: Assertion: Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns (such as land, building, vehicle, livestock, deposits with banks) and uses this as a guarantee to a Reason: Collateral is given as the lender can sell the collateral to recover the loan amount if the borrower fails to repay the loan. (a) If Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. (b) If Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. (c) If Assertion is true, but reason is false. (d) If Both assertion and reason are false. Ans: (a) Property such as land titles, deposits with banks, livestock are some common examples of collateral used for borrowing. In case of failure of repayment of loan, the lender can sell the collateral to recover the loan amount.
Q5: Assertion: The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans. Reason: The RBI sees that the banks give loans not just to profit-making businesses and traders but also to small cultivators, small scale industries, to small borrowers etc. (a) If Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. (b) If Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. (c) If Assertion is true, but reason is false. (d) If Both assertion and reason are false. Ans: (b) The RBI oversees the functioning of commercial banks. The reason statement substantiates the assertion but it is not the explanation for the assertion.
Very Short Answer Type Questions Q1: Give any two examples of informal sector of credit. Ans: The two examples of informal sector of credit are moneylenders and friends.
Q2: How does the use of money make it easier to exchange things? Give an example. Ans: In barter system, if a shoe manufacturer wants to sell shoes and buy wheat, first he has to look for a wheatgrowing farmer who wants to buy shoes and needs to sell wheat. Money can make it easier to exchange the things. The shoe manufacturer can sell the shoes for money and then with that money he can bed to buy wheat.
Q3: How do the deposits with the banks become their source of income? Ans: With the deposits in the bank, the bank use it to extend loan to the borrowers with the high rate of interest. Bank pays less rate of interest to the depositors. The difference is the source of income of the banks.
Q4: Compare formal sector loans with informal sector loans regarding interest only. Ans: The rate of interest charged by the formal sector is low whereas it is high in case of the informal sector.
Q5: What do people do with extra money? Ans: They deposit it with the banks by opening a bank account in their name.
Q6: Why do we consider demand deposits as money? Ans: Demand deposit constitute money in modern economy as they are accepted widely as a means of payment along with currency.
Q7: What does higher cost of borrowing means? Ans: This means a large part of the earnings of the borrowers is used to repay the loan. Hence, borrowers have less income left for themselves.
Q8: When is crucial for the country’s development? Ans: Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country is development.
Q9: How do the SHGs help borrowers? Ans: The SHGs help borrowers overcome the problem of lack of collateral.
Q10: Prove with an argument that there is a great need to expand formal sources of credit in rural India. Ans: There is a great need to expand formal sources of credit in rural India so that the people can be protected from the clutch ‘ of the moneylenders and improve their economic condition.
Short Answer Type Questions Q1: Why is cheap and affordable credit important for the country’s development? Explain any three reasons. or “Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development.” Assess the statement. Ans: Due to the following three reasons, cheap and affordable credit is important for the country’s development: a. It will help people to take credit for variety of reasons. b. It will help poor people to get rid of the problem of moneylenders and their high rate of interest. c. It will be easy for the people to repay the loan.
Q2: Explain any three loan activities of banks in India. Ans: The three loan activities of the banks are: a. People have extra cash with them. Those having extra cash open a bank account in their name and deposit the surplus money there. b. Out of the total money deposited with the banks, 15% of it is kept as minimum cash balance to pay to the depositors who might come to withdraw money from the bank on any given day. c. Rest of the amount is used to extend loan to the borrowers.
Q3: Why do banks ask for collateral while giving credit to a borrower? Ans: Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns such as land, building, vehicle, livestock, land documents, deposits with banks etc. This stands as a security against the money borrowed from the bank. In case the borrower fails to repay the loan to the bank, the lender has the right to sell the asset or collateral.
Q4: What comprises ‘terms of credit’? Ans: Rate of interest, collateral security, documentation requirements and mode of repayment together comprise terms of credit. This varies from bank to bank and borrower to borrower.
Q5: “Supervision of the functioning of formal sources of loans is necessary”. Ans: Supervision of the functioning of formal sources of loans is necessary because banks have to submit information to the RBI on how much they are lending, to whom they are lending and at what interest rate etc.
Q6: “There is a great need to expand formal sources of credit in rural India.” Examine the statement. Ans: There is great need to expand formal sources of credit in rural India because: In the informal sector there is no organisation to supervises the credit activities of lenders. They lend at whatever interest rate they choose. No one can stop rural money-lenders from using unfair means to get their money back.
Q7: Describe the utility of Cheque. Ans: A Cheque is a paper that instructs the bank to pay a specific amount from the account holder’s account to the person in whose name the Cheque has been issued. Demand deposits are accepted as a means of payment because the depositors get the facility of Cheque against it, which is used to settle the transaction without the use of money.
Q8: “The credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged.” Support the statement with arguments. Ans: It is true to say that the credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged. It is due to the following reasons: a. They charge high rate of interest in comparison to that of formal sector. b. Thus the cost of borrowing is high. c. Due to high cost of borrowing, the borrowers have to repay more and they will have less saving, which will hinder individual economic development and ultimately will affect the country’s economic development.
Q9: ‘Credit has its own unique role for development.’ Justify the statement with arguments. Ans: Credit plays a positive role when the borrower is able to return the loan amount on time and also made some profit with the use of that money. For example, Salim, a shoe manufacturer took a loan from different sources to complete the order of 3000 pair of shoes. In the end he delivered the order, made profit and repaid the loan. Sometimes, credit is very painful as it pushes the borrower into such a situation from where recovery is very difficult. In this situation the borrower is not able to repay the loan and many a times caught into the situation of debt-trap. For example, a small farmer Swapna took loan for crop cultivation but due to some reason she faced the situation of crop failure. So she took another loan for spraying pesticides but the production was not enough to repay the loan. So she was caught in debt-trap.
Q10: “Poor households still depend on informal source of credit.” Support the statement with examples. or “Most of the poor household still depend on the informal sector for loans, both in rural and urban areas of India.” Support the statement with three examples. Ans: Yes, it is true that the poor households still depend on informal source of credit. It is due to the following reasons: a. Banks are not present everywhere. b. Collateral is required by the formal sector loan providers. c. Many a time, the moneylenders know the borrowers personally and willing to pay the loan without any collateral.
Long Answer Type Questions Q1: What are self-help groups? How are they emerging as an import ant source of credit? Explain. or ‘Self-Help Groups’ help borrowers to overcome the problems of lack of collateral.” Examine the statement. Ans: This is a new idea to organize rural poor particularly women who pool their savings. Generally, this group has 15-20 members. Members belong to the neighbourhood so that they can meet and save regularly. Saving per member varies from ? 25 to ? 100 or more, depending on the economic condition of the member. When the group is regular in saving for a year or two then the group is eligible for getting loan from the bank. Bank provide loan in the name of the group and then the SHG gives loan to its members at very low rate of interest. Loan matter is taken very seriously as, if any one member is not able to repay the loan then it is followed by other members and because of this feature, they get loan from the bank even though they have no collateral.
Q2: How do SHG’s act to provide a platform for women to address their various social issues? Ans: SHGs act to provide a platform for women to address their various social issues in the following ways: (1) A Self-Help Group is an organization of rural poor, particularly women who pool their savings. (2) The SHG encourages its members for savings and enables them to take small loans from the group itself to meet their needs. In this way, it addresses their economic issue that is the base of many social issues. (3) SHGs are the building blocks of the organization of the rural poor. Not only does it help women to become financially self-reliant, but the regular meetings of the group also provide a platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such as health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc. (4) The SHG provides self-employment opportunities to its members by providing them loans for meeting working capital needs, for housing materials, for acquiring assets like a sewing machine, handlooms, cattle, etc. (5) The group charges interest on these loans but this is still less than what the money-lenders charge.
Q3: “Banks are playing an important role in the development of the Indian economy.” Support the statement with examples. Ans: Cheap and affordable credit is important for the country’s development because: a. It will help people to take credit for variety of reasons. b. It will help poor people to get rid of the problem of moneylenders and their high rate of interest. c. It will be easy for the people to repay the loan. Those having extra cash open a bank account in their name and deposit the surplus money there. Their money is safe with the banks and they get some interest rate on the amount they have deposited. Out of the total money deposited with the banks, 15% of it is kept as minimum cash balance to pay to the depositors who might come to withdraw money from the bank on any given day. Rest of the amount is used to extend loan to the borrowers. This helps people to run and expand their business which will increase the individual income and finally the country’s income. Credit plays a positive role when the borrower is able to return the loan amount on time and also made some profit with the use of that money. For example: Salim, a shoe manufacturer took a loan from different sources to complete the order of 3000 pair of shoes, in the end he delivered the order, made profit and repaid the loan.
Q4: How can the formal sector loans be made beneficial for the poor farmers and workers? Suggest any five measures. Ans: The formal sector loans can be made beneficial for the poor farmers and the workers by taking the following measures: a. There should be availability of more and more banks in the rural areas. b. Providing the loan to the poor at much cheaper rates. c. There should be easy access to loan. d. Depending on situation, farmers should be given credit without collateral. e. There should be provision of instant loan to the farmers and the poor.
Q5: What are Self-Help Groups? How do they work? Explain. Ans: This is a new idea to organize rural poor particularly women who pool their savings. Generally, this group has 15-20 members. Members belong to the neighbourhood so that they can meet and save regularly. Saving per member varies from ? 25 to ? 100 or more, depending on the economic condition of the member. When the group is regular in saving for a year or two then the group is eligible for getting loan from the bank. Bank provide loan in the name of the group and then the SHG gives loan to its members at very low rate of interest. Loan matter is taken very seriously, as if any one member is not able to repay the loan then it is followed by other members and because of this feature, they get loan from the bank even though they have no collateral. Loan is provided to help them to create selfemployment opportunities. All the group members together take decision regarding saving and loan activities. SHG helps women in making them financially self-reliant and provides platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues.
Q6: What is credit? How does credit play a vital and positive role? Explain with an example. Ans: Credit is an agreement between the lender and the borrower in which the borrower promises to pay the lender in the future. Credit plays a positive role when the borrower is able to return the loan amount on time and also made some profit with the use of that money. For example: Salim, a shoe manufacturer took a loan from different sources to complete the order of 3000 pair of shoes, in the end he delivered the order, made profit and repaid the loan.
Q7: Why are banks necessary for a country? Ans: Banks provide ‘Yeoman Services” to the country. The modernisation of any economy has been possible with the development of banking system of that country. Following are the reasons which justify the necessity of banks for a country: (i) Banks mobilise the dormant savings of the country. The surplus money which the people have and don’t need in the near future is accepted by the banks as deposits. (ii) These deposits of the public provide safety to their funds and income in the form of interest. (iii) People can withdraw this money whenever they are in need. So, these deposits provide liquidity to the depositors. (iv) Banks provide loans to the needy borrowers. (v) Banks provide loans to the people out of the money deposited by the depositors. In this way the banks acts the role of financial intermediary. (vi) Most of the credit issued by the banks is used for productive purposes which increase the production and employment opportunities in the economy. (vii) Banks provide credit facilities not only to general people, but they also participate in providing government loans as well. So, in this way, banks help the government in the development of infrastructural facilities.
Q8: In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of banks? Why is this necessary? OR How does Reserve Bank of India play a crucial role in controlling the formal sector loans. Explain. Ans: Reserve Bank of India (RBI) supervises the functioning of the banks in the following manner: (i) First of all, RBI determines the necessary reserve ratios for banks such as Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) to be maintained by them. The reserves are maintained by the banks to deal with the liquidity crunch in case if it arises. These reserves are calculated on the basis of the deposits held with the banks. (ii) The banks have to periodically submit report to the RBI regarding the credit portfolio. They have to ensure that they do not breach any of the instructions given by RBI on the management of credit portfolio. This helps the RBI to contain any risk situations that may emerge due the lending practices of thebanks. (iii) RBI also ensures that the banks are not being partial in providing loans. It means that RBI ensures that the banks are lending not only to the big businessmen or companies, but also taking care of the weaker sections of the society like small farmers and agricultural labourers in rural areas and small businessmen, labourers, small artisans etc. in urban areas. Lending to such weaker sections may be included in priority sector lending of the banks. (iv) The RBI may supervise the expansion pattern of the banks in order to ensure that the banks are not only opening their branches in urban areas, but also expanding their facilities in rural and remote areas like hilly areas of the country.
Q9: When does credit push the borrower into a debt-trap? Explain with the help of an example. Ans: Sometimes credit is very painful as it pushes the borrower into such a situation from where recovery is very difficult. In this situation the borrower is not able to repay the loan and many a times, caught into the situation of debt-trap. For example:-a small farmer Swapna took loan for crop cultivation but due to some reason she faced the situation of crop failure. So she took another loan for spraying pesticides but the production was not enough to repay the loan. So she was caught in debt-trap.
Q10: What are the merits and demerits of credit ? OR ‘‘Credit is useful as well as harmful, it depends on the risk involved.’’ Support the statement with examples. Ans: Credit is a facility in which a lender extends a loan to a borrower to fulfill his needs with a promise from the borrower to return the borrowed money to the lender with predetermined interest. Such credit may be in terms of money as well as goods and services. The credit facility has following merits and demerits : Merits : (i) It provides much needed purchasing power to the borrower which he lacks. (ii) It helps the borrower to mobilise the productive resources. (iii) It helps to increase the production of the borrower and the country. (iv) It helps to raise the income and standard of living of the borrower. (v) It helps the lender to earn income in the form of interest. (vi) It helps to utilise surplus money of lender which is not in immediate use.
Demerits : (i) It puts a burden of payment of excess amount on the borrower. The excess amount refers to the sum of principal and interest. (ii) It puts the borrower in stress of losing an asset or reputation if he fails to return the borrowed money on time. (iii) If the borrower looses the loan amount and is not supported by the financial or asset backup, he may fall into the debt trap. (iv) If the terms of credit are unfavourable, the borrower may face difficulties in carrying on with the credit. Credit is helpful in a situation where there is not much risk. For Example:Mohan take a loan to complete an order for shoe delivery. Since the order is already placed, taking the loan does not involve much risk. Hence, Mohan is able to take benefit from the loan. But Neelima takes the loan for crop cultivation. This is risky as the crop may fail due to pests. This indeed happens and Neelima cannot repay the loan. She takes another loan next year and get caught in a debt trap.
Have you ever wondered what it really means to be healthy—is it just not being sick, or is there more to it? This chapter will help you discover how good health includes not only your body, but also your mind, your habits, and your relationships with others. Let’s explore how to stay healthy and keep diseases away in simple, practical ways!
Health: Is It More Than Not Falling Sick?
Health is not just about not being sick. It means feeling good in your body, mind, and social life. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.
A healthy person can:
Do tasks efficiently.
Handle tough situations well.
Get along with friends and others in society.
Key Aspects of Health
Physical Health: Taking care of your body through proper food, exercise, and sleep.
Mental Health: Staying positive and managing stress.
Social Health: Having good relationships with friends and others.
A Student’s Story
A Class 8 boy moved to a new city and school. He felt lonely with no friends and busy parents. He spent more time on his phone and social media, which made him feel worse and caused:
Headaches.
Weight loss.
Trouble sleeping.
Cause and Solution A doctor suggested less screen time and seeing a counsellor. The counsellor helped him make friends, and his health improved.
Loneliness and too much screen time caused both physical and mental health problems.
Making new friends and support from adults helped him feel better.
Ayurveda and Health
Ayurveda teaches that health is a balance of body, mind, and surroundings.
Follow a daily routine (dinacharya) and seasonal routine (ritucharya).
Eat fresh, wholesome food suited to your prakriti (body type).
Practice regular exercise, cleanliness, restful sleep, and a calm mind through yoga, meditation, and mindfulness.
How Can We Stay Healthy?
Staying healthy involves:
Eating nutritious food.
Keeping clean (personal hygiene and surroundings).
Exercising regularly.
Getting enough sleep.
Spending time with family and friends.
Having a positive attitude.
Good and Bad Habits
Good Habits:
Keep yourself clean and maintain personal hygiene.
Eat a healthy and balanced diet.
Exercise regularly.
Make time to relax or meditate every day.
Bad Habits (harmful to health):
Spending too much time on mobile phones or screens.
Eating fast food or junk food every day.
Sleeping very late or not getting enough sleep.
Skipping meals, especially breakfast.
Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle
Our health depends on many factors. These factors include our lifestyle (how we live) and our environment (our surroundings).
We should Eat a balanced diet with: Plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Balanced Diet
Avoid processed, fatty, or sugary foods and drinks.
Stay physically active andPlay outdoors, walk, run, cycle, or exercise.
Limit screen time and spend more time in nature.
Get enough sleep to help our body and mind rest.
Practice yoga or pranayama (simple breathing exercises) regularly.
Say ‘NO’ to harmful substances like tobacco, alcohol, and addictive drugs.
Keep the Environment Clean
A clean, well-maintained playground is better for playing because it’s safe and healthy.
A dirty, polluted playground has flies, mosquitoes, and can make you sick.
Why Clean Surroundings Matter:
Clean air and water are important for health.
Pollution from vehicles or factories can cause coughing or asthma.
The Air Quality Index (AQI) shows how clean or polluted the air is.
A clean environment helps you stay healthy and feel good.
Keeping Surroundings Clean:
Avoid littering and keep your area tidy.
A clean environment reduces the risk of diseases.
Importance of Feelings and Relationships
Health is not just about the body; feelings and relationships matter too.
Even with good food and a clean place, you may feel bad if you’re lonely or upset.
Spend time with friends and family, talk, laugh, and have fun to keep your mind healthy.
Try yourself:
What is one way to maintain a healthy lifestyle?
A.Skip breakfast often
B.Stay indoors all day
C.Exercise regularly
D.Eat fast food every day
View SolutionHow Do We Know That We Are Unwell?
Our body usually works in a specific way to keep us healthy.
When we feel unwell, something inside our body may not be working properly.
We experience symptoms and signs that show we are not healthy.
Symptoms of Dehydration
Symptoms and Signs
They act as clues to show that our body is not working as it should.
Doctors use these clues to understand the cause of our illness and suggest treatment.
Symptoms:
What we feel when we are unwell.
Examples: Pain, tiredness, dizziness.
Signs:
Things that can be seen or measured by others, like a doctor.
Examples: Fever (high body temperature), rash, high blood pressure, swelling.
Diseases – What Are the Causes and Types?
A disease is a condition that stops the body or mind from working normally.
It happens when one or more organs or organ systems do not function properly.
Causes of Diseases
Pathogens: Germs like bacteria, viruses, fungi, worms, or protozoa (single-celled organisms) that cause diseases.
Poor Nutrition: Not eating enough healthy food can lead to diseases.
Unhealthy Lifestyle: Bad habits like lack of exercise or poor diet can cause diseases.
Types of Diseases
Diseases can be grouped into two major types based on their causes and how they spread:
1. Communicable Diseases: Can spread from one person to another. Caused by pathogens. Examples: Typhoid, dengue, flu, chickenpox, COVID-19. Spread through: Communicable Diseases
Air: Coughing or sneezing (e.g., flu, tuberculosis).
Direct contact: Touching an infected person (e.g., shaking hands).
Indirect contact: Sharing items like towels or handkerchiefs.
Contaminated food or water: Eating or drinking unsafe food/water (e.g., cholera, typhoid).
Vectors: Insects like mosquitoes or houseflies (e.g., malaria, dengue).
2. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Not caused by pathogens and do not spread from person to person.Linked to lifestyle, diet, or environment.Examples: Cancer, diabetes, asthma, heart disease. Non- Communicable Diseases
Deficiency diseases: Caused by lack of nutrients (e.g., scurvy, anaemia, goitre).
Often chronic (last more than 3 months).
NCDs are Common in India due to: Eating more processed food. Less physical activity. Longer lifespans.
How Are Communicable Diseases Caused and Spread?
All communicable diseases are caused by pathogens. These pathogens can enter our body through the air we breathe or by consuming contaminated food or water and more.
Diseases Spread Through Air: Diseases that are transmitted when pathogens in tiny droplets are released into the air by coughing, sneezing, or talking, and then breathed in by others.
Diseases Spread Through Contaminated Water/Food: Diseases that occur when people consume water or food contaminated with pathogens like bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
Diseases Spread by Insects (Vectors): Diseases that are passed on when insects such as mosquitoes or flies carry pathogens from one host to another, causing infection.
Prevention of Communicable Diseases
Keep yourself and surroundings clean.
Practice good hygiene (e.g., wash hands with soap).
Cover mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
Wear a mask in crowded places.
Avoid sharing personal items (e.g., towels, handkerchiefs).
Keep food and water clean.
Stay home and rest when unwell to recover and avoid spreading disease.
Use mosquito nets/repellents and control insect breeding.
How Are Non-Communicable Diseases Caused?
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like cancer, diabetes, and asthma are not caused by infections. Instead, they are linked to factors such as lifestyle, diet, environment, and body functions:
Lifestyle Factors: Unhealthy habits like eating too much junk food, not exercising, smoking, or excessive stress can lead to diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, or some cancers.
Diet: Not getting enough essential nutrients can cause deficiency diseases (e.g., scurvy from lack of vitamin C, anaemia from lack of iron, goitre from lack of iodine). These are also non-communicable.
Environmental Factors:Pollution, exposure to harmful chemicals, or living in unhealthy surroundings can contribute to diseases like asthma or cancer.
Hormonal Imbalances: Sometimes, diseases like diabetes happen due to imbalance of hormones in the body.
Chronic Nature: NCDs usually last a long time (more than 3 months) and need ongoing care.
How to Prevent and Control Diseases?
You may have heard the saying: “Prevention is better than cure.” This means it’s easier and wiser to stop a disease from happening than to try to cure it after you get sick.
Good sanitation and cleanliness are some of the simplest and most effective ways to reduce the spread of diseases, especially those that spread from person to person or through contaminated water and food. Example:
Odisha — community-led sanitation campaign
In Bhadrak district, Odisha, a community campaign encouraged people to build and use toilets.
As more families stopped open defecation, child health improved, and diseases like diarrhoea and infections greatly reduced.
Simple steps like building and using toilets, keeping surroundings clean, and good waste disposalprevent germs from spreading.
Community action can have a big impact on public health—when people work together, the whole area becomes healthier.
Ability of the body to fight diseases
Why do some people get sick more often than others, even in the same environment?
The ability of the body to fight diseases is called immunity.
Our immune system is a group of special cells, tissues, and organs that recognise and fight off harmful germs (pathogens) that can make us sick.
Role of Vaccines
Vaccines are special injections or drops that help your immune system become stronger against specific diseases.
They do this by “teaching” your body how to recognise and destroy certain germs before they can make you sick. This is called acquired immunity.
Some vaccines use tiny, harmless parts of the germ (or a dead/weakened germ) to “train” your immune system.
If you’re exposed to the real germ in future, your body is ready and can fight off the disease quickly.
Tetanus shot: Contains a safe (inactive) form of a bacterial toxin, which helps your immune system learn how to fight tetanus without making you actually sick.
Other common vaccines: Polio, measles, hepatitis, and more—many are given in childhood.
Edward Jenner and the smallpox vaccine
Edward Jenner and smallpox vaccine: In the late 1700s, Jenner realized that people who got cowpox didn’t get smallpox. He created the first vaccine by using material from cowpox sores. This discovery eventually helped eradicate smallpox worldwide.
In olden days, India also had a method called variolation, where a bit of material from a mild smallpox infection was used to protect healthy people.
Why are vaccines important?
Vaccines prevent diseases: They are used before you get sick, to stop serious illnesses from starting at all.
Community protection: When more people get vaccinated, diseases have less chance to spread—so even those who can’t get vaccinated are protected.
Vaccines are safe and tested: Scientists and doctors check them carefully before use.
India’s Role in Vaccines
India is a major global vaccine producer, supplying vaccines to many countries.
Indian vaccine companies played a key role during the COVID-19 pandemic and continue to support global health efforts
Try yourself:
What is the main focus of the text?
A.Improving technology
B.Studying animal behavior
C.Developing new medicines
D.Preventing and controlling diseases
View SolutionTreatment of Diseases
If our immune system cannot fight off infection, we fall ill and need help from a doctor. The doctor gives us medicines, and sometimes these are called antibiotics.
What are antibiotics?
Antibiotics are special medicines that kill bacteria in our body.
They help cure diseases caused by bacteria, such as tuberculosis and typhoid.
Important: Antibiotics do NOT work against diseases caused by viruses (like colds, flu, or COVID-19) or protozoa.
Discovery of Antibiotics
In 1928, Alexander Fleming, a scientist in London, discovered the first antibiotic called penicillin.
He found that a mould on a petri dish killed harmful bacteria growing there. This mould made a substance (penicillin) that stopped bacteria from growing.
Since then, antibiotics have saved millions of lives.
What is Antibiotic Resistance?
Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria change and stop being killed by antibiotics that used to work.
This makes infections much harder to treat and can cause longer illnesses and more complications.
How does antibiotic resistance develop and spread?
Taking antibiotics when we don’t need them (like for viral infections).
Not finishing all the doses as prescribed by the doctor.
Overuse of antibiotics in animals and plants.
Spread can happen through people, animals, food, water, and soil.
If you take antibiotics for a sore throat caused by a virus, bacteria in your body may become resistant to antibiotics.
When farmers give antibiotics unnecessarily to animals (like cows), resistant bacteria can spread through meat, milk, or even through the soil.
How to Prevent Antibiotic Resistance?
Take antibiotics only when prescribed by a doctor.
Always finish the full course of medicine, even if you feel better.
Never use leftover antibiotics or someone else’s prescription.
Avoid buying antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription.
Farmers should avoid giving antibiotics unnecessarily to animals.
Remember: Using antibiotics wisely keeps them working for everyone!
Traditional Medicine Systems
Systems like Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani use natural remedies (herbs, oils, minerals) and focus on good food, exercise, and overall healthy living.
They can be helpful in treating simple health problems and for everyday wellness.
However, for some serious or advanced diseases, modern medicine may work better.
Managing Non-Communicable Diseases Diseases like diabetes, cancer, and heart disease are managed by:
Taking medicines (as advised by doctors)
Making healthy lifestyle changes (diet, exercise)
Rehabilitation (special help to get better)
Early diagnosis and regular check-ups are very important.
Key Points to Remember
Health means complete physical, mental, and social well-being—not just being free from diseases.
Happiness and health go together: Being happy can help you stay active and healthy, and good health can improve your mood.
A disease is any condition that stops the body or mind from working normally.
Symptoms are feelings we notice ourselves (like pain or tiredness); signs are visible or measurable changes (like fever, rash, or swelling).
Non-communicable diseases (like diabetes, cancer, and heart disease) are not caused by germs, but by lifestyle factors and environment. They can be prevented by eating healthy, staying active, and avoiding harmful habits.
Communicable (Infectious) diseases are caused by pathogens—germs such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or worms—and can spread from person to person.
Good hygiene and clean surroundings are essential to prevent many diseases.
Our immune system is the body’s natural defense that fights harmful germs and keeps us safe.
Vaccines help our immune system “learn” how to fight certain diseases and provide protection before we actually get sick.
Early diagnosis and proper treatment help manage, control, or cure many diseases.
Healthy habits—like regular exercise, balanced diet, enough sleep, and positive relationships—keep both our body and mind strong.
Antibiotics treat bacterial infections only, not viral ones. Overuse can cause antibiotic resistance—so take them only as prescribed.
Prevention is better than cure: Practising good habits, getting vaccinated, and staying informed are the best ways to maintain health.
(क) नीचे दिए गए प्रश्नों का सटीक उत्तर कौन-सा है? उसके सामने तारा (★) बनाइए:
1. कविता में ‘नव-जीवन की ले अगँडाई’ किसके लिए प्रयुक्त हुआ है?
बादल
अंकुर
बूँद
पावस
उत्तर: अंकुर ★
2. ‘नीले नयनों-सा यह अंबर, काली पतुली- से ये जलधर’ में ‘काली पतुली’ है—
बारिश की बूँदें
वृद्ध धरती
नगाड़ा
बादल
उत्तर: बारिश की बूँदें ★
(ख) अब अपने मित्रों के साथ चर्चा कीजिए कि आपने ये उत्तर क्यों चुने? उत्तर: “अंकुर फूट पड़ा धरती से, नव-जीवन की ले अँगड़ाई” – यह पंक्ति स्पष्ट रूप से अंकुर के बारे में बात करती है। “काली पुतली-से ये जलधर” – यहाँ जलधर का अर्थ बादल है, जो काली आँखों की पुतली के समान दिखते हैं।
मिलान करें
कविता की कुछ पंक्तियाँ नीचे दी गई हैं। इन पंक्तियों में कुछ शब्द रेखांकित हैं। दाहिनी ओर रेखांकित शब्दों के भावार्थ दिए गए हैं। इनका मिलान किजिये
पंक्तियों पर चर्चा
कविता में से चुनकर कुछ पंक्तियाँ नीचे दी गई हैं। इन्हें ध्यान से पढ़िए और इन पर विचार कीजिए। आपको इनका क्या अर्थ समझ में आया? अपने विचार कक्षा में अपने समूह में साझा कीजिए और अपनी लेखन पुस्तक में लिखिए:
“आसमान में उड़ता सागर, लगा बदलियों के स्वर्णिम पर, बजा नगाड़े जगा रहे हैं, बाली धरती की तरुणाई।” उत्तर: इस पंक्ति का अर्थ है कि आकाश में जल से भरे बादलों के बीच बिजली इस तरह चमक रही है जैसे सागर ने सुनहरे पंख लगाकर उड़ान भर ली हो। बादलों की गड़गड़ाहट नगाड़ों की तरह प्रतीत होती है, जो धरती की युवा शक्ति और सुंदरता को जाग्रत कर रही है।
“नीले नयनों-सा यह अंबर, काली पुतली-से ये जलधर। करुणा-द्रवित अश्रु बहाकर, धरती की जड़-प्यास बुझाई।” उत्तर: इस पंक्ति का अर्थ है कि नीला आकाश नीली आँखों जैसा दिखाई देता है और काले बादल उन आँखों की काली पुतलियों जैसे लगते हैं। ऐसा प्रतीत होता है मानो ये बादल धरती के दुःखों को देखकर द्रवित हो गए हों और करुणा के आँसू बनकर वर्षा के रूप में बह पड़े हों। इन आँसुओं ने धरती की सूखी और प्यासी जड़ों को तृप्त कर दिया।
सोच-विचार के लिए
कविता को एक बार फिर से पढ़िए और निम्नलिखित के बारे में पता लगाकर अपनी लेखन पुस्तक में लिखिए:
बारिश की पहली बूँद से धरती का हरित रूप कैसे प्रकट होता है? उत्तर: बारिश की पहली बूँद धरती पर गिरते ही, धरती हरी-भरी और नई-जीवन का प्रतीक बन जाती है। यह बूँदें धरती को तरोताजा कर देती हैं और उसमें नयी ऊर्जा भर देती हैं।
कविता में आकाश और बादलों को किनके समान बताया गया है? उत्तर: प्रस्तुत कविता के अनुसार, नीले आकाश को नीली आँखों के समान और काले बादल को उन नीली-नीली आँखों की काली पुतली के समान बताया गया है।
कविता की रचना
‘आसमान में उड़ता सागर, लगा बिजलियों के स्वर्णिम पर कविता की इस पंक्ति का सामान्य अर्थ देखें तो समुद्र का आकाश में उड़ना असंभव होता है। लेकिन जब हम इस पंक्तिका भावार्थ समझते हैं तो अर्थ इस प्रकार निकलता है— समुद्र का जल बिजलियों के सुनहरे पंख लगाकर आकाश में उड़ रहा है। ऐसे प्रयोग न केवल कविता की सुंदरता बढ़ाते हैं बल्कि उसे आनंददायक भी बनाते हैं। इस कविता में ऐसे दृश्यों को पहचानें और उन पर चर्चा करें। उत्तर:‘अंकुर फूट पड़ा धरती से, नव-जीवन की ले अँगड़ाई” धरती से अंकुर का निकलना और उसे नव-जीवन की अंगड़ाई लेते हुए दिखाया गया है। यह दृश्य प्रकृति में नए जीवन के जन्म और विकास को मानवीय क्रियाओं के माध्यम से दर्शाता है। “हरी दूब पुलकी-मुसकाई” हरी घास को मुस्कुराते हुए दिखाया गया है। यह दृश्य प्रकृति के जीवंत होने और खुशी व्यक्त करने का भाव प्रस्तुत करता है। “नीले नयनों-सा यह अंबर, काली पुतली-से ये जलधर” आकाश को नीली आँखों के रूप में और बादलों को काली पुतलियों के रूप में चित्रित किया गया है। यह दृश्य प्राकृतिक तत्वों को मानवीय अंगों से जोड़कर एक अनूठा और कल्पनाशील चित्र प्रस्तुत करता है। “करुणा-विगलित ‘अश्रु बहाकर” बारिश की बूँदों को करुणा से भरे आँसुओं के रूप में दर्शाया गया है। यह दृश्य बारिश को एक भावनात्मक रूप देता है, जो धरती के प्रति सहानुभूति दर्शाता है। “बूढ़ी धरती शस्य-श्यामला बनने को फिर से ललचाई” धरती को एक बूढ़ी महिला के रूप में दर्शाया गया है जो फिर से युवा और हरी-भरी होने के लिए लालायित है। यह दृश्य प्रकृति के पुनर्जन्म और नवीनीकरण की प्रक्रिया को मानवीय इच्छाओं के रूप में प्रस्तुत करता है।
शब्द एक अर्थ अनेक
‘अंकुर फूट पड़ा धरती से, नव-जीवन की ले अँगड़ाई’ कविता की इस पंक्ति में ‘फूटने’ का अर्थ पौधे का अंकुरण है। ‘फूट’ का प्रयोग अलग-अलग अर्थों में किया जाता है, जैसे— फूट डालना, घड़ा फूटना आदि। अब फूट शब्द का प्रयोग ऐसे वाक्यों में कीजिए जहाँ इसके भिन्न-भिन्न अर्थ निकलते हों, जैसे— अंग्रेज़ों की नीति थी फूट डालो और राज करो। उत्तर:
दोस्तों में फूट पड़ गई।
उसका सिर फूट गया।
धरती से जल की धारा फूट पड़ी।
दीवार से टकराते ही उसकी एक आँख फूट गई।
अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द
‘नीले नयनों-सा यह अंबर, काली पुतली से ये जलधर’ कविता की इस पंक्ति में ‘जलधर’ शब्द आया है। ‘जलधर’ दो शब्दों से बना है, जल और धर इस प्रकार जलधर का शाब्दिक अर्थ हुआ जल को धारण करने वाला। बादल और समुद्र; दोनों ही जल धारण करते हैं। इसलिए दोनों जलधर हैं। वाक्य के संदर्भ या प्रयोग से हम जान सकेंगे कि जलधर का अर्थ समुद्र है या बादल। शब्दकोश या इंटरनेट की सहायता से ‘धर’ से मिलकर बने कुछ शब्द और उनके अर्थ ढूँढ़कर लिखिए। उत्तर:
शब्द पहेली
दिए गए शब्द-जाल में प्रश्नों के उत्तर खोजें
क. एक प्रकार का वाद्य यंत्र नगाड़ा
ख. आँख के लिए एक अन्य शब्द नयन
ग. जल को धारण करने वाला जलधर
घ. एक प्रकार की घास दूब
ङ. आँसू का समानार्थी अश्रु
च. आसमान का समानार्थी शब्द अंबर
पाठ से आगे
आपकी बात
(क) बारिश को लेकर हर व्यक्ति का अनुभव अलग होता है। बारिश आने पर आपको कैसा लगता है? बताइए। उत्तर: बारिश आने पर मुझे बहुत अच्छा लगता है। ठंडी-ठंडी बूँदों का स्पर्श बहुत सुखदायक होता है और मुझे यह समय बहुत आनंददायक लगता है।
(ख) आपको कौन-सी ऋतु सबसे अधिक प्रिय है और क्यों? बताइए। उत्तर: मुझे सर्दी की ऋतु सबसे अधिक प्रिय है क्योंकि इस समय मौसम ठंडा और सुहावना होता है। गर्म कपड़े पहनने का मजा आता है और कई प्रकार के गर्म व्यंजन खाने को मिलते हैं।
समाचार माध्यमों से
(क) प्रत्येक मौसम समाचार के विभिन्न माध्यमों (इलेक्ट्रॉनिक या प्रिंट या सोशल मीडिया) के प्रमुख समाचारों में रहता है। संवाददाता कभी बाढ़ तो कभी सूखे या भीषण ठंड के समाचार देते दिखाई देते हैं। आप भी बन सकते हैं संवाददाता या लिख सकते हैं समाचार।
अत्यधिक गर्मी, सर्दी या बारिश में आपने जो स्थिति देखी है उसका आँखों देखा हाल अपनी कक्षा में प्रस्तुत कीजिए।
उत्तर: अत्यधिक गर्मी के समय मैंने देखा कि लोग छाया की तलाश में रहते हैं और ठंडे पेय पदार्थों का सेवन करते हैं। सर्दी के समय लोग आग के पास बैठकर खुद को गर्म रखते हैं। बारिश के समय लोग छतरी लेकर चलते हैं और बारिश से बचने के लिए शेल्टर की तलाश करते हैं।
सृजन
नाम देना भी सृजन है। ऊपर दिए गए चित्र को ध्यान से देखिए और इसे एक नाम दीजिए।
उत्तर: रेगिस्तानी लिली या मरुस्थल का जीवन
खोजबीन
आपके यहाँ उत्सवों में कौन-से वाद्ययंत्र बजाए जाते हैं? उनके बारे में जानकारी एकत्र करें और अपने समूह में उस पर चर्चा करें। उत्तर: ढोलक, नगाड़ा, डमरू, डफली, तबला, हारमोनियम, गिटार आदि।
आइए इंद्रधनुष बनाएँ
बारिश की बूँदें न केवल जीव-जंतुओं को राहत पहुँचाती हैं बल्कि धरती को हरा-भरा भी बनाती हैं। कभी-कभी ये बूँदें आकाश में बहुरंगी छटा बिखेरती हैं जिसे ‘इंद्रधनुष’ कहा जाता है। आप भी एक सुंदर इंद्रधनुष बनाइए और उस पर एक छोटी-सी कविता लिखिए | इसे कोई प्यारा सा नाम भी दीजिए। उत्तर:
कितना प्यारा है इंद्रधनुष
आशाओं का संचार करता है खुशियों का विस्तार करता है कितना प्यारा है इंद्रधनुष, जो प्रेम की पुकार बनता है।
वर्षा के बाद आकाश को सजाता है बचपन के किस्सों को फिर से दोहराता है रंग-बिरंगे रंगों से रंगकर सारा संसार, इंद्रधनुष समृद्धि के गीत गुनगुनाता है,
प्रकृति का महिमामंडन करता है निराशाओं का खंडन करता है कितना प्यारा है इंद्रधनुष, जो जीवन के हर पल का उत्सव बनाता है।
वीरता के किस्सों को सुनाता है प्रेम का उत्सव मनाता है कितना प्यारा है इंद्रधनुष जो हमें आशावादी रहना सिखाता है।
A family is a special group of people who love and take care of each other. Families can be big or small, but they are always full of love and warmth.
In a family, we have parents, grandparents, brothers, sisters, and sometimes cousins, uncles, and aunts.
Families live together, share meals, and help one another.
They celebrate birthdays, festivals, and happy moments together!
A family also teaches us kindness, respect, and how to take care of each other.A Fami
Who lives in a Family?
People of a family are called family members.
Family members go out together and have fun.
Family members include those who live together like a mother, father, brother, sister, or any other person.
Family members also include those who may or may not live together, like a grandfather, grandmother, or any other person.
Family Members include:
Parents: The mother and father in a family are known as parents.
Siblings: A Brother and sister in a family are known as siblings.
Grandparents: Grandparents are the parents of our parents. Grandfather is the father of our mother or father. Grandmother is the mother of our mother or father.
A family also consists of uncles and aunts. Every member of a family has a role to play.
Try yourself:Who among the following is not your Family Member?
A.Mother
B.Father
C.Grandmother
D.School Teacher
View Solution
What are the types of Families?
Small family / Nuclear family A family consisting of a pair of adults and their children is called a small family or nuclear family.
Big family / Joint family A joint family or big family is large in size consisting of members of 3 or more such as grandparents, parents, siblings, uncles, aunts, and cousins living in one home.
What does a family do?
A family is not just people living together—it is a team that cares for each other! Families do many things that make life happy and special.
Love and Support – Families love, help, and protect one another. They cheer us up when we are sad and celebrate when we are happy.
Teach and Guide – Parents and grandparents teach good habits, manners, and values to children.
Share Meals and Stories – Families eat together, talk, and share stories, making every day special.
Celebrate Festivals and Special Days – Birthdays, festivals, and important days are fun when celebrated with family!
Help Each Other – Family members work together—parents take care of children, children help with small tasks, and everyone looks after one another.
A family is like a big hug that keeps us safe, happy, and loved!
Why is Family Important?
A family is one of the most important parts of our lives. It gives us love, support, and happiness every day!
Gives Love and Care – A family makes us feel safe and loved no matter what.
Teaches Good Values – Families teach us kindness, honesty, and respect, helping us become good people.
Supports in Every Situation – Whether we are happy or sad, our family is always there to help and cheer us up.
Helps Us Grow – Parents and elders teach us new things and help us learn important life lessons.
Creates Happy Memories – Festivals, birthdays, and small moments spent together make life fun and special!
A family is like a strong tree that keeps us safe and helps us grow!
What is a Family Tree?
A family tree is a special way to show how family members are connected. It looks like a tree, where each branch represents a different part of the family.
At the top, we have grandparents, who are the oldest in the family.
Below them are parents, uncles, and aunts.
Then come children, like you, your siblings, and cousins!
A family tree helps us understand our family better—who our grandparents, parents, aunts, uncles, and cousins are. It is like a big picture of our family’s past and present!
Fun Activity: Crossword Puzzle
In this crossword puzzle, you will find words related to family members and their roles.
Read the clues carefully and fill in the correct family-related words. Let’s see how many you can solve!
Shapes and Models(Page 1)Try to make a model of the buildings shown here using blocks.
Q1: What parts of the building have you shown in your model (for example, roof, pillars, base, etc.)? Ans: I have shown the base, pillars, sidewalls, and roof of the building in my model.
Q2: Why did you select these parts?
Ans: I have selected these parts because they form the core structure of the building.
Q3: What shapes will model these parts well?
Ans: Rectangles, squares, semicircles, and cylinders are the shapes that model these parts well
Q4: How is your model similar to the picture of the real building?
Ans: The shapes of the different parts of my model closely match those of the real building in the picture.
Q5: How is it different from the real building?
Ans: My model is smaller, made of blocks, and does not have details like carvings of the real India Gate.
Discussion:
What would happen if you removed one piece of your model? Ans: The model might become unstable or look incomplete.
Would the model still look like the original building? Ans: No, the model won’t look like the original building.
In what ways could you make the model even better? Ans: To make the model even better, I could paint it in colours that closely resemble the actual building.
Project Work(Page 2)
Q1: Do you think it looks like the Qutub Minar? Ans: No, it doesn’t look like the Qutub Minar.
Q2: What shape would you use if you made a model of the Qutub Minar? Why? Ans: I would use a cylindrical shape to make a model of the Qutub Minar because the actual structure is tall and round, similar to a cylinder.
Q3: How many such shapes will you use? Ans: I would use five cylindrical shapes to make different levels of the Qutub Minar in my model.
Ans:
Craft(Page 3 & 4)Q1: Make a sphere-like shape with paper strips. Ans:
Q2: Use the nets given at the end of the book to make the models shown below.
Ans:
Is a cube also a prism? Ans: Yes, a cube is a special type of prism where all faces are squares and all edges are of equal length.
What is the difference between a prism and a pyramid? Ans: A prism has two identical bases while a pyramid has one base. Also, a prism has all rectangular or parallelogram-shaped side faces while a pyramid has all triangular side faces.
Q: Now try to make the above shapes using straws and plasticine/ thread and fill in the table.
Ans:
Q: Identify any relationship that you may find between the number of faces (F), edges (E), and corners (V). Calculate F+V-E in each case. What do you notice? Ans: Theformula says: F + V – E = 2 Where:
F = Faces
V = Vertices (corners)
E = Edges
Here are the calculations: 1. Cube (Square Prism): F + V – E = 6 + 8 – 12 = 2 2. Cuboid (Rectangular Prism): F + V – E = 6 + 8 – 12 = 2 3. Triangular Pyramid: F + V – E = 4 + 4 – 6 = 2 4. Square Pyramid: F + V – E = 5 + 5 – 8 = 2 5. Triangular Prism: F + V – E = 5 + 6 – 9 = 2 What we notice? In every case, F + V – E = 2!Ans:
Q: Can you construct a 3D shape with 3 flat faces? Ans: No, it is impossible to construct a 3D shape with 3 flat faces.
Ans:
Let Us Observe(Page 5)Q1: Take a die. Look at the face that has number 1. The face numbered 6 is opposite to the face numbered 1. What is the face opposite to the: (a) face numbered 2? ………. (b) face numbered 3? ………. (c) face numbered 4? ………. Ans: Numbers on opposite faces of a die always add up to 7. Therefore:
Q2: (a) Which faces have common edges with the face numbered 1?……….. (b) Which face has no common edge with the face numbered 1?……….. Ans: a) Faces having common edges with the face numbered 1 are 2, 3, 4 & 5. b) Faces having no common edges with the face numbered 1 is 6.
Q3: Look at three different views of the same cube.
(a) What colour is the face that is opposite to the red face? ………… Ans: a) Colour of face opposite to red face – Purple.
(b) What colour is the face that is opposite to the yellow face?………. Ans: b) Colour of face opposite to yellow face-Green.
Follow these instructions for the shapes along the border.Q1: Colour all shapes with a rectangular face in red. Ans: Colour the cube, cuboid, and rectangular prism in red. Q2: Draw a smiley on shapes with a triangular face. Ans: Draw a smiley on the triangular prism and triangular pyramid. Q3: Draw a star on shapes with a curved face. Ans: Draw a star on the cylinder, cone, and sphere. Q4: Colour all shapes with no corner in blue. Ans: Colour the sphere and cylinder in blue. Q5: Circle the shapes that have the same opposite faces. Ans: Circle the cube and cuboid, as their opposite faces are identical.
Sorting 3D Shapes(Page 6) Write the names of 3D shapes in the correct places.
Ans:
Q: In which circle did you write triangular prism and rectangular pyramid? Ans: Triangular prism and rectangular pyramid are written in circle 1(B), Circle 2(B) and intersection of circles 3(A) and 3(B).
Let us sort shapes in another way. Q: Using circles like those on the previous page, can you sort shapes into the categories “Shapes with curved faces” and “Shapes with flat faces” ? Ans:
Build with Cubes(Page 7)Q: Build these models with the cubes from the Jaadui Pitara Kit or any other similar material.
Ans: Do it Yourself.
Cube TowersQ1: How many cubes are there in each of these cube towers?Ans:
Drawing Cubes on a Triangular Dot Paper(Page 8)Q: Can you complete the following cubes?
Ans: Q:
Ans:
Q2: Each one is different. How?Ans:
Sphere (Red Ball) It has no flat faces, no corners, and is completely round.
Cone (Golden) It has 1 flat face (circle) and 1 curved face.
Triangular Pyramid (Blue) It has 4 triangular faces.
Cube (Green) All faces are equal squares. It has 6 faces, 8 corners, and 12 straight edges.
Cuboid (Purple) It looks like a box. Faces are rectangles, not all the same like a cube. It also has 6 faces, 8 corners, and 12 edges.
Q3: Match the following nets to the appropriate solids.Ans:
Q4: Which of these nets can be folded to make a solid of the kind given below?Ans: Net B and D can be folded to make a solid shapes.
Q5: Nitesh cuts up a net on the folds. Here are its pieces. Which solid has the above pieces in its net? (a)
(b) (c) (d) Ans: The solid is (d)
When Lines Meet(Page 10)Isha made different corners with straws. We can say that the two straws are like two lines that meet at a point. When two lines meet they create an angle. We see many angles in yoga postures. There are 7 angles in this house drawing.
How many angles are there in this boat drawing?
Ans: There are 10 angles in the boat drawing. These angles are formed where the lines of the boat’s hull, sail, and mast meet.
Let Us DoQ1: Mark the angles in the following pictures. (a)
(b) (c) (d) (e)
Ans: Mark the angles where lines meet in each picture (e.g., corners of shapes or intersections).
Q2: Where do you see angles in the classroom? Give a few examples. Ans: Angles can be seen in many places around the classroom. They are present in the corners of desks, chairs, tables, windows, doors, cupboards, and even in the whiteboard or chalkboard.
Right Angles(Page 11) Q: Let’s make a right angle with a piece of paper as shown.
Ans: Do it Yourself.
Q: Identify the angles that you think are right angles and circle them in the dot grid given below. Check using your right angle checker. Ans:
Q: Check for right angles in a book, window, and any other object. Write the names of objects where you find right angles. Ans: Angles can be found in objects such as windows, doors, chairs, whiteboards/blackboards, books, desks, etc.
Let Us DoPage 12Q: Draw some right angles on the dot grid. Ans:
Acute and Obtuse AnglesAcute angles are less than a right angle. Obtuse angles are more than a right angle.
Q: Name some objects from your classroom which have an acute angle. Ans: Scissors, pencil tip, corner of a triangle ruler.
Q: Name some objects from your classroom which have an obtuse angle. Ans: Open laptop, chair backrest, open door, open notebook.
Q: Identify all angles in the following letters. Ans:
Let Us Do(Page 13) Q:
Ans:
Q2: In the figures given below, mark the acute angles in red, right angles in green, and obtuse angles in blue. Ans: Color angles based on their size:
Acute (less than 90°): Red
Right (90°): Green
Obtuse (more than 90°): Blue
Shapes with Straws(Page 14) Q: Make a triangle with straws of different sizes and clay/ plasticine.
Q1: Does the shape of the triangle change if we gently push one of its sides? (Yes/No) Ans: Yes.
Q2: What kinds of angles does a triangle have? Ans: A triangle can have: (i) All three acute angles. (ii) One right angle and two acute angles. (iii) One obtuse angle and two acute angles.
Q3: What kinds of angles do you see in the rectangle? Ans: A rectangle has four right angles.
Does the shape of the rectangle change if we gently push one of its sides? (Yes/No) Ans: Yes.
What has happened to the angles of the new shape? Ans: The measure of the angles have changed.
Are they still right angles? What types of angles have been formed? Ans: No, they are not right angles. Acute and obtuse angles are formed.
Similarly, push one side of a square. Are they still right angles? What types of angles have been formed? Ans: No, they are not right angles. Acute and obtuse angles are formed.
How are the angles of triangles and rectangles similar or different? Ans:Similarities: Both triangles and rectangles can contain right angles. Differences: A triangles has three angles while a rectangle has four angles. All four angles in a rectangle are right angles while a triangle can have zero or one right angle.
Dot Grid(Page 15)Use the dot grid given below to draw several three- and four-sided shapes. Circle the shapes that have one or more right angles.
Ans:
DiscussQ1: What shapes did you make? Ans: I made two triangles, a square, a rectangle and a parallelogram.
Q2: How many shapes have you made with: (a) 1 right angle (b) 2 right angles (c) 3 right angles (d) all right angles Ans:
Q3: Here are some 4-sided shapes. In what ways are rectangle and square different from these shapes? Ans: Rectangles and squares both have four right angles, whereas each of these shapes are formed by a combination of acute and obtuse angles.
Activity(Page 16) Try to make this 5-sided shape with all sides equal (Pentagon)
Q1: Are these right angles? Ans: No, the angles in a regular pentagon are obtuse (108 degrees).
Q2: Does the shape of the pentagon change if we gently push one of its sides? Ans: Yes.
Q3: How does this change the angles? Ans: On being gently pushed, the pentagon shows a combination of acute and obtuse angles.
Can you make a circle using straws?Q: Look at the picture. The lengths of the straws in this picture are ……………..(Equal/Unequal)
Ans: Equal
Q: What will happen if we take straws of unequal lengths? Ans: The resultant shape formed will not be a circle.
Let Us Make(Page 16)Can you use a scale to draw a circular shape? Let us see. Mark a point A. Draw many points that are at an equal distance from point A. Connect the dots freehand. What do you get? Ans: A circle
Amazing Circles(Page 17)
Q1: The length of all the creases are_________ (Equal/Unequal)? Ans: Equal.
Q2: These creases are called diameters of the circle.
Q3: Discuss where the centre is. Do you notice that all the diameters pass through the centre? Ans: The centre is the point where all diameters meet. Yes, all diameters pass through the centre.
Q4: Measure the length of the creases from the center to the border of the circle. This is called the radius of the circle.
Q5: Discuss if there is any relationship between the radius and the diameter of a circle. Ans: Diameter is twice the radius of the circle.
Let Us Do(Page 18)Fold the circular paper in half. Fold this half again in half.
Q: The length of the diameter is __________(half/double) of the length of radius. Ans: double
Q: A circle can be made easily using a compass. Ask your teacher to help you use a compass. Make the following design.
Ans: Do Yourself.
Q: Look at the carpet design. A beautiful circle, right?Mark the centre, radius, and the diameter of the circular design with any colour of your choice. Ans:
The Wheels(Page 19)Look at the wheels. All wheels look likecircle.
Name the wheel with the 1. longest radius_______ Ans: longest radius B 2. shortest radius______ Ans: shortest radius D 3. longest diameter______ Ans: longest diameter B 4. shortest diameter_______ Ans: shortest diameter D
Puzzling ShapesQ1: Identify the hidden shapes and write their names. Ans: Triangle, cylinder, circle, rectangle, square.
Q2: Draw 2 lines to divide the triangle into 1 square and 2 triangles. Ans:
Q3: Draw 2 lines to divide the square into 3 triangles. Ans:
Q4: Draw lines to show the cuts needed on the shapes in the left column to get the smaller shapes on the right.
Ans:
Card Game(Page 20)Sort the 2D-shape cards given at the end of the book into three groups according to their sides. Q: Draw the sorted shapes in the space given below. Explain why you sorted your shapes in this way. Ans:
Let Us Try(Page 21)1. Squiggly spiders Squiggly, the spider, likes to make webs in different shapes. One day she begins to make triangular webs. How many triangles are in her web?
Ans: Number of triangles in her web = 10.
She likes to take a walk each morning and check if the walls of her web are strong. Can she begin at point A and reach back to the same point without walking on any wall more than once? Trace and show Squiggly’s path.
Ans: Yes, she can begin at point A and reach back to the same point without walking on any wall more than once. Squiggly’s path = 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 8 → 9 → 6 → 11 → 10 → 7 → 5 → 12.
Her brother, Wiggly, made a web using rectangles.
How many rectangles can you see in his web?
Ans: Number of rectangles in his web = 12. He likes to take a walk at the end of each day and check if the walls of his web are strong. Can he begin at point A and leave from point B without walking on any wall more than once? Trace and show Wiggly’s path. Ans: No, Wiggly cannot start from A and leave from B without walking on any walls more than once and also go through all the walls.an once.
Q2: Use 5 matchsticks to make 2 triangles. Then draw it in the space provided. Ans:
Q3: Move two of these matchsticks to form 4 triangles. Ans:
Q4: Remove 4 of these matchsticks to leave only 3 triangles. Ans:
Q5: Model Challenge Can you make a model of solid shapes which has: (a) 12 straws and 8 clay balls? (b) 9 straws and 6 clay balls? (c) 15 straws and 10 clay balls? (d) 10 straws and 6 clay balls? Ans: (a) Cuboid (12 straws and 8 clay balls). b) Triangular prism (9 straws and 6 clay balls). c) Pentagonal prism (15 straws and 10 clay balls) d) Pentagonal pyramid (10 straws and 6 clay balls)
Q6: Classify these shapes based on the number of angles:
What relation do you notice between the number of sides and the number of angles? Ans: Shapes with 3 angles – b, d, f. Shapes with four angles – a, c, g. Shapes with five angles – e. Each shape has equal number of sides and angles.
Let Us Try(Page 23)Q7:
Ans:
Q8: Mark the right angles and write the number of right angles in each figure. Which of the above shapes have only right angles? Ans:
Q9: Observe the following shapes. Identify the shape that has:
2 right angles, 1 acute, and 1 obtuse angle________
Balanced Diet
Diseases Spread by Insects (Vectors): Diseases that are passed on when insects such as mosquitoes or flies carry pathogens from one host to another, causing infection.
