NCERT Solutions: What is Long? What is Round? (Shapes)

Table of contents
Think and Do
Let us Do
Let us Slide
Think and Do 

Think and Do

Page No. 11

Page No. 11
Page No. 11
Page No. 11

Ans: Page No. 11Page No. 11

B: Match the objects which are similar in shape.
Page No. 11Ans: Page No. 11

C: Tick ✅ the shape which is similar to ball

Ans: D: Tick ✅ the shape which is similar to cap

Ans: 

E: Tick ✅ the shape which is similar to glass
Page No. 11Ans: Page No. 11

F: Tick ✅  the shape which is similar to matchbox.
Ans: 

Page No. 11
Get additional INR 200 off today with EDUREV200 coupon.

Let us Do

Page No 13

A: Make a house, toy, tower, robot, bus or anything you like using different objects in your surroundings. You can also use notebooks, books, pencil box, water bottle, waste or old boxes, birthday caps, funnels, etc.
Ans: Let us Do

Also read: 3-Days Study Plan: What is Long? What is Round? (Shapes)

Let us Slide

Page No. 16

A: Write ‘R’ for rolling objects and ‘S’ for sliding objects in the given in the below picture.
Page No. 16

Ans: Page No. 16

B: Collect different objects from your surroundings and see if they roll or slide.
Ans: Page No. 16

C: Do you see things which can do both, roll and slide? If yes, discuss in the class.
Ans: Page No. 16

Attention!Sale expiring soon, act now & get EduRev Infinity at 40% off!

Think and Do 

Page No. 17

Find whether the following objects roll, slide or do both. Put ✅ or❌

Page No. 17

Ans: Ans: 

12. Worksheet: Statistics

Multiple Choice Questions

Q1: A histogram has a class interval 40–60, and its rectangle height is 8 units. Another class interval 60–70 has rectangle height 16 units.
If the intervals are unequal, which class has higher frequency density?

(a) 40–60
(b) 60–70
(c) Both equal
(d) Cannot be determined

Q2: In a frequency polygon, if two consecutive class midpoints are incorrectly taken as 2 units closer, what happens to the polygon?

(a) Only the height changes
(b) Only the width changes
(c) Slope becomes steeper or flatter
(d) It becomes impossible to draw

Q3: A bar graph compares profit for 12 months. If the scale is changed from
1 cm = ₹5000 to 1 cm = ₹10,000, the effect is:

(a) Bar widths double
(b) Bar heights become half
(c) Bars shift left
(d) Gaps disappear

Q4: A histogram is used for:
(a) Discrete data
(b) Continuous grouped data
(c) Favourite colours
(d) Names of students

Q5: A bar graph is drawn using:

(a) Bars of equal width
(b) Bars of unequal width
(c) Bars touching each other
(d) No bars at all

Short Answer Questions

Q1: The following data gives the amount of manure (in tones) manufactures by a company during some years.
Short Answer Questions

  • Represent it with a bar graph.
  • Indicate with help of bar graph in which year, the amount of manufactured by company was maximum.

Q2: Draw a bar graph for the following data:Short Answer Questions

Q3: Find the class mark of 20–30.

Long Answer Questions

Q1: Draw a histogram for this data:Long Answer Questions

Q2: You are given the following mid-points of a frequency polygon:
20, 30, 40, 50, 60
The polygon rises from (20, 6) to (40, 18), then falls to (60, 4).


(a) Reconstruct the class intervals.
(b) Draw a rough shape description of the polygon.
(c) Explain where the distribution has its “peak” and what it means.

Q3: Below is data of girls per 1000 boys in different sections of society:

(i) Draw a bar graph for the data.
(ii) Which section shows the highest value?
(iii) Comment on the trend.

10. Worksheet Solutions: Heron’s Formula

Worksheet Solutions: Heron’s Formula

Multiple Choice Questions

Q1: The difference between sides at right angles in a right angled triangle is 14 cm. The area of the triangle is 120 cm2. The perimeter of the triangle is
(a) 80
(b) 45
(c) 60
(d) 64
Ans: 
(c)

Let y be one of the at right angle ,then another side will be y-14
Now we know that
A = (1/2)BH
120 = (1/2)y(y – 14)
y– 14y – 240
(y – 24)(y + 10) = 0
y = 24
So other side is 10
From pythogrous theorem

So perimeter will be =10+24+26=60 cm

Q2: ABCD is a trapezium with AB  = 10cm, AD = 5 cm, BC = 4 cm and DC = 7 cm?
Find the area of the ABCD
(a) 34 cm2
(b) 28cm2
(c) 20 cm2
(d) None of these
Ans:
 (a)

BC is the altitude between the two parallel sides AB and DC
So Area of trapezium will be given by

Q3: Find the area and perimeter of the right angle triangle whose hypotenuse is 5 cm and Base is 4 cm
(a) 6 cm2 ,12 cm
(b) 12 cm2 ,14 cm
(c) 4 cm2, 6 cm
(d) 12 cm2 ,6 cm
Ans:
 (a)

By pythogorous theorem

So Area =(1/2) XBase X height = 6 cm2
Perimeter = 5 + 4 + 3 = 12 cm

Q4: In an isosceles triangle ?ABC with AB = AC = 13 cm. D is mid point on BC. Also BC=10 cm
Which of the following is true?
(a) Area of Triangle ABD and ADC are equal
(b) Area of triangle ABD is 30 cm2
(c) Area of triangle ABC is 60 cm2
(d) All the above
Ans: 
(d)

ABD an ADC are congruent triangle, So Area of Triangle ABD and ADC are equal
Also From pythogorous theorem, AD will be given as

So Area of triangle ABC = (1/2)X base X height = 60 cm2

Q5: A triangle and a parallelogram have the same base and the same area. The sides of the triangle are 26 cm and 30 cm and parallelogram stands on the base 28 cm. calculate the height of the parallelogram
(a) 12 cm
(b) 14 cm
(c) 10cm
(d) 13 cm
Ans:
 (a)

For triangle, all the sides are given, calculating the area using Heron formula
A = 336 cm2
Now for parallelogram, Area is given by
A = Base X Altitude
336 = 28 X H
Or H = 12 cm

True / False

(i) Heron formula for area of triangle is not valid of all triangles.
Ans: 
False

(ii) If each side of the triangles is tripled, the area will becomes 9 times.
Ans: 
True

(iii) Base and corresponding altitude of the parallelogram are 8 and 5 cm respectively. Area of parallelogram is 40 cm2.
Ans: 
True

(iv) If each side of triangle is doubled, the perimeter will become 4 times.
Ans: False

(v) If p is the perimeter of the triangle of sides a,b,c ,the area of triangle is​
Ans: 
True

(vi) When two triangles are congruent, there areas are same.
Ans
True

(vii) Heron’s belongs to America.
Ans:
 False

(viii) If the side of the equilateral triangle is a rational number, the area would always be irrational number.
Ans:
 True

Conceptual Questions

Q1: Calculate the area in each case
(i) Triangle have sides as a=5 cm ,b=4 cm,c=3 cm

Ans: 
Area 
(ii) Equilateral triangle having side a=2 cm
Ans: Area of equilateral

(iii) Right angle triangle have base=4 cm and Height =3 cm
Ans: Area of triangle
A = (1/2)BH = 6cm2
(iv) Square whose diagonal is 10 cm
Ans: Area of square in terms diagonal
A = (1/2)d= 50cm2

(v) Rectangle whose length and breath are 6 and 4 cm
Ans: Rectangle area is given by
A = LXB = 24cm2
(vi) Parallelogram whose two sides are 10 cm and 16 cm and diagonal is 14 cm

Ans: In parallelogram whose two sides and diagonal are given, Area is given by

Where 
So s=20cm
So A=80(3)1/2cm2 

(vii) Parallelogram whose base is 10 cm and height is 14 cm
Ans: Area is given by
A = Base X height = 10X14 = 140cm2

(viii) Rhombus of diagonals to 10 and 24 cm
Ans: Area is given by
A=(1/2)d1d= 120cm2

(ix) Two sides of trapezium are 36 and 24 cm and its altitude is
Ans: Area of trapezium is given by
A = (1/2)(Sum of parallel sides) Altitude
A = 360cm2

03. Worksheet: Coordinate Geometry – 2

1. In the following figure, what are the coordinates of: (i) A, (ii) B, (iii) origin?

Worksheet: Coordinate Geometry - 2
2. Write the abscissa of the following points: (4, 0), (5, –3), (–3, 4) and (0, –4)
3. Fill in the blanks
Worksheet: Coordinate Geometry - 2
Based on the above cartesian planes:
(i) The co-ordinates of point A are   ………..
(ii) The co-ordinates of point B are   ………..
(iii) The co-ordinates of point C are   ………..
(iv) The co-ordinates of point D are   ………..
(v) The co-ordinates of point E are   ………..
(vi) The co-ordinates of point F are   ………..
(vii) The co-ordinates of point G are   ………..

4. Three vertices of a rectangle are (3, 2), (–6, 2) and  (–6, 5). Plot these points and find the co-cordinates of the fourth vertex.

5. Write the co-ordinates of the following quadrilateral OABC.
Worksheet: Coordinate Geometry - 2

6. In which quadrant or on which axis, do the points : (–3, 5), (2, –3), (–4, 0) and (0, 5) lie?

Verify your answer by locating them on the cartesian plane.
7. In which quadrant, the point (1, –2) lies?

ANSWERS

1. (i) (–2, 3); (ii) (4, –3); (iii) (0, 0) 

2. 4;   5;  –3  and  0 

3. (i) (–2, 5); (ii) (2, 4); (iii) (–1, 0); (iv) (3, 0); (v) (0, –2); (vi) (–2, –5); (vii) (2, –2) 

4. (3, 5) 

5. O (0, 0);   A(3, 6);   B(6, 1);   C(2, –6)

6. II quadrant; IV quadrant; II quadrant; I quadrant; 

7. IV quadrant

06. Short Question Answer: Tissues

Q1: What is a tissue?
Ans:
 A group of cells that are similar in structure and/or work together to achieve a particular function forms a tissue.  Examples of tissues are blood, phloem and muscle .

Q2: What are the constituents of phloem?

Ans: There are four types of elements are present in the phloem they are:

  • Sieve tube: Helps in conduction of food material
  • Companion cells: It helps sieve tube in conduction of food material
  • Phloem parenchyma: storage
  • Phloem fibres: It provides mechanical support.

Q3: Name types of simple tissues.
Ans: 
Three types simple tissues are:
I. Parenchyma
II. Collenchyma
III. Sclerenchyma

Q4: What does a neuron look like?
Ans:
 A neuron comprises a cell body from which long thin hair-like parts(arise). Then the neuron has a single long part(axon) and many short, branched parts(dendrites).


Q5: How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them.
Ans: 
Xylem tissue consist of four types of elements:
I. Tracheids
II. vessels
III. Xylem fibres
IV. Xylem parenchyma

Q6: How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?
Ans:
 Difference between simple tissues and complex tissues in plants is given below:


Q7: Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall.
Ans: 
Difference between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall is given below:


Q8: What are the functions of the stomata?
Ans: 
The functions of stomata are:
I. Gaseous exchange with the atmosphere.
II. Transpiration (formation of water vapours for the removal of excess water)
Q9: What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?
Ans: 
Cardiac muscles are the muscles of heart that pumps blood to all parts of body and it shows rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout life without any fatigue. The cells of heart muscles are branched, cylindrical and uninucleate.
Q10: Name the following:
(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
Ans:
 Epithelial tissue
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
Ans:
 Tendon
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants.
Ans: 
Phloem
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
Ans:
 Adipose tissue
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
Ans:
 Blood
(f) Tissue presents in the brain.
Ans:
 Nerve tissue
Q11: Identify the type of tissue in the following: skin, bark of tree, bone, lining of  kidney tubule, vascular bundle.
Ans:
 The type of tissues of the given is listed below:

Q12: Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.
Ans:
 Leaves, fruits and flowers are the regions where the parenchyma tissue is present.
Q13: What is the role of epidermis in plants?
Ans: 
Epidermis is a protective layer to all the plant parts. It will provide protection against water loss, Control the process of gas exchange, Epidermis secretes a waxy, water-resistant layer.
Q14: How does the cork act as a protective tissue?
Ans:
 In the plant a strip of secondary meristem located in the cortex forms layers of cells that are dead and arranged in a compact manner without intercellular spaces which is cork. They have deposition of suberin in their walls which is very hard and impermeable hence protects plants from unfavorable conditions and microbial attack etc.
Q15: What are the two types of tissues? Explain them.
Ans:
 

Plant tissues are mainly divided into two types they are:

  • Meristematic Tissue: dividing tissue is the reason for growth of plants occurs only in specific regions this is also known as meristematic tissue. Apical, lateral and intercalary are the classification of the meristematic tissues.
    Permanent Tissue: The cells formed by meristematic tissue later lose the ability to divide as a result permanent tissue is formed. The process of taking up a permanent shape, size, and a function is called differentiation; this also leads to the development of permanent tissues.

Q16: What is the function of Tendon and ligament?
Ans: 

  • Ligaments: They connect one bone to another bone and another type of connective tissue. They are strong, elastic, consisting of yellow fibers.
  • Tendon: They connect muscle to bone and another type of connective tissue. They are tough, non – elastic, consisting of white fibres.

Q17: Differentiate the following activities on the basis of voluntary or involuntary:
Ans:
(a) Jumping of frog
Ans: 
Voluntary
(b) Pumping of the heart
Ans:
 Involuntary
(c) writing with hand
Ans:
 Voluntary
(d) Moving of chocolate in stomach
Ans:
 Involuntary
Q18: Write the difference between cartilage and bone.
Ans: 
Difference between cartilage and bone is listed below:

Q19: Which components of xylem are living and which ones are dead?
Ans: 
Xylem is composed of four elements:

  • Tracheid: Dead
  • Vessels: Dead
  • Xylem parenchyma: Living
  • Xylem fibres: Dead

Q20: Define due process of differentiation.
Ans: 
Dividing tissue is the reason for growth of plants occurs only in specific regions this is also known as meristematic tissue. The cells formed by meristematic tissue later lose the ability to divide as a result permanent tissue is formed. The process of taking up a permanent shape, size, and a function is called differentiation.
Q21: Mention characteristics of permanent tissues.
Ans:
 Characteristics of permanent tissues are:

  • Cells are large, comparatively thick walls and well developed .
  • Cytoplasm is present as a layer along the cell wall.
  • Bigger nucleus , vacuole is present in the cell.
  • There is lack of the power for the cell division in permanent tissue.

Q22: Mention the functions of nervous tissue.
Ans: 
Function of nervous tissues are:

  • They conduct nerve impulses from one part of the body to another part.
  • The nervous tissues in the body are specialised for being stimulated and then pass on the    stimulus very quickly from one place to another.

Q23: How aquatic plant like Water hyacinth floats on the water surface. Explain.
Ans:
 Water hyacinth floats on the surface of water due to presence of aerenchyma. It is a special form of parenchyma, which contains air cavities. It provides buoyancy because of the air trapped inside which helps water hyacinth in floating because of the air trapped inside.

Q24: Name the two types of vascular tissues.
Ans:
 Types of vascular tissues are 

  • Xylem: It conduct water and minerals from roots to the parts of the plant
  • Phloem: It conduct food from leaves to all parts of plant

Q25: What is the utility of tissues in multi-cellular organisms?
Ans: 
Millions of cells will be there in multicellular organisms. Specific functions are carried out by different groups of cells. There is a clear-cut division of labour in multicellular organisms i.e., different parts of the body of a multicellular organism perform specific functions. For example, the brain controls all other parts of the body, the heart pumps blood to all parts of the body, kidneys remove waste materials from the body, sense organs collect information from external sources and transfer to the brain etc. All these functions would never be possible without formation of tissues in multicellular organisms.
Q26: What are the functions of areolar tissue?
Ans: 
Areolar tissue is a connecting tissue found between skin and muscles, around our blood vessels and nerve cells and also in the bone marrow. Its functions are,
I. To fill the space inside organs.
II. To support internal organs.
III. To help in repair tissues
Q27: Differentiate between striated, untreated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and site/location in the body.
Ans: 
Difference between striated, untreated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and site/location in the body is given below:


Q28: Complete the table:


Ans:


Q29: How many types of tissues are found in animals? Name the different types.
Ans:
 In animal four types of tissues are found: 

  • Epithelium or Epithelial tissue (covering tissue): It forms outer protective covering all over the body.
  • Connective tissue  (supporting tissue): It binds cells of other tissues in the body and give them rigidity and support.
  • Muscular tissue (contractile tissue): It helps the movement of the body by contraction and relaxation.
  • Nervous tissue: Its receiver stimulates and transmit the messages.

Q30: Differentiate between voluntary and involuntary muscles. Give one example of each
Ans:
 Difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles are given below:

Q31: What are the major functions of blood?
Ans:
 Blood is a type of connective tissue, and its functions are:

  • Blood flow can transport oxygen, food, hormones and waste material from one part of the body to the other part of the body
  • Blood carries oxygen and food to all cells. It also collects wastes from all parts of the body and carries them to the liver and kidney for disposal purposes.
  • Regulates temperature by distributing heat within the body
  • WBC’S protect due body from disease and helps in wound healing
  • Platelets help in blood clotting

Q32: Write about the functions of,
(a) Epidermis
Ans:
 Epidermis, its main function is protection. It forms a waterproof coating, which reduces loss of water.
(b) Cork
Ans:
 Cork: It is protective in function. It prevents desiccation, by preventing loss of water from the plant body. It prevents infection and mechanical injury
(c) Stomata.
Ans: 
Stomata:These are the small opening which helps in exchange of gases
Q33: Differentiate between parenchyma and  collenchyma
Ans:
 Difference between parenchyma and collenchyma is given below:


Q34: Mention the characteristics features of connective tissue.
Ans: Characteristics of connective tissue:

  • The cells are loosely spaced and are embedded in a non – living intercellular matrix
  • The intercellular matrix may be like jelly, fluid, dense or rigid.
  • Depending on the connective tissues functions the nature of the matrix varies.

Q35: How does cardiac muscle differ from both voluntary and involuntary muscles in both structure and function?
Ans: Cardiac muscles are the muscles of the heart that pumps blood to all parts of the body and it shows rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout life without any fatigue. The cells of heart muscles are branched, cylindrical and uninucleate.

  • Cardiac Muscles are involuntary
  • More akin in structure and only found in heart.
  • They function throughout the  life

Q36: Differentiate between meristematic and permanent tissue.
Ans:
 Difference between meristematic and permanent tissue is given below:
CBSE Class 9  >  Class 9 Notes  >  Science   >  Short Question Answer: Tissues

Short Question Answer: Tissues

Q1: What is a tissue?
Ans:
 A group of cells that are similar in structure and/or work together to achieve a particular function forms a tissue.  Examples of tissues are blood, phloem and muscle .

Q2: What are the constituents of phloem?

Ans: There are four types of elements are present in the phloem they are:

  • Sieve tube: Helps in conduction of food material
  • Companion cells: It helps sieve tube in conduction of food material
  • Phloem parenchyma: storage
  • Phloem fibres: It provides mechanical support.

Q3: Name types of simple tissues.
Ans: 
Three types simple tissues are:
I. Parenchyma
II. Collenchyma
III. Sclerenchyma

Q4: What does a neuron look like?
Ans:
 A neuron comprises a cell body from which long thin hair-like parts(arise). Then the neuron has a single long part(axon) and many short, branched parts(dendrites).


Q5: How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them.
Ans: 
Xylem tissue consist of four types of elements:
I. Tracheids
II. vessels
III. Xylem fibres
IV. Xylem parenchyma

Q6: How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?
Ans:
 Difference between simple tissues and complex tissues in plants is given below:


Q7: Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall.
Ans: 
Difference between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall is given below:


Q8: What are the functions of the stomata?
Ans: 
The functions of stomata are:
I. Gaseous exchange with the atmosphere.
II. Transpiration (formation of water vapours for the removal of excess water)
Q9: What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?
Ans: 
Cardiac muscles are the muscles of heart that pumps blood to all parts of body and it shows rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout life without any fatigue. The cells of heart muscles are branched, cylindrical and uninucleate.
Q10: Name the following:
(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
Ans:
 Epithelial tissue
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
Ans:
 Tendon
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants.
Ans: 
Phloem
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
Ans:
 Adipose tissue
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
Ans:
 Blood
(f) Tissue presents in the brain.
Ans:
 Nerve tissue
Q11: Identify the type of tissue in the following: skin, bark of tree, bone, lining of  kidney tubule, vascular bundle.
Ans:
 The type of tissues of the given is listed below:

Q12: Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.
Ans:
 Leaves, fruits and flowers are the regions where the parenchyma tissue is present.
Q13: What is the role of epidermis in plants?
Ans: 
Epidermis is a protective layer to all the plant parts. It will provide protection against water loss, Control the process of gas exchange, Epidermis secretes a waxy, water-resistant layer.
Q14: How does the cork act as a protective tissue?
Ans:
 In the plant a strip of secondary meristem located in the cortex forms layers of cells that are dead and arranged in a compact manner without intercellular spaces which is cork. They have deposition of suberin in their walls which is very hard and impermeable hence protects plants from unfavorable conditions and microbial attack etc.
Q15: What are the two types of tissues? Explain them.
Ans:
 

Plant tissues are mainly divided into two types they are:

  • Meristematic Tissue: dividing tissue is the reason for growth of plants occurs only in specific regions this is also known as meristematic tissue. Apical, lateral and intercalary are the classification of the meristematic tissues.
    Permanent Tissue: The cells formed by meristematic tissue later lose the ability to divide as a result permanent tissue is formed. The process of taking up a permanent shape, size, and a function is called differentiation; this also leads to the development of permanent tissues.

Q16: What is the function of Tendon and ligament?
Ans: 

  • Ligaments: They connect one bone to another bone and another type of connective tissue. They are strong, elastic, consisting of yellow fibers.
  • Tendon: They connect muscle to bone and another type of connective tissue. They are tough, non – elastic, consisting of white fibres.

Q17: Differentiate the following activities on the basis of voluntary or involuntary:
Ans:
(a) Jumping of frog
Ans: 
Voluntary
(b) Pumping of the heart
Ans:
 Involuntary
(c) writing with hand
Ans:
 Voluntary
(d) Moving of chocolate in stomach
Ans:
 Involuntary
Q18: Write the difference between cartilage and bone.
Ans: 
Difference between cartilage and bone is listed below:

Q19: Which components of xylem are living and which ones are dead?
Ans: 
Xylem is composed of four elements:

  • Tracheid: Dead
  • Vessels: Dead
  • Xylem parenchyma: Living
  • Xylem fibres: Dead

Q20: Define due process of differentiation.
Ans: 
Dividing tissue is the reason for growth of plants occurs only in specific regions this is also known as meristematic tissue. The cells formed by meristematic tissue later lose the ability to divide as a result permanent tissue is formed. The process of taking up a permanent shape, size, and a function is called differentiation.
Q21: Mention characteristics of permanent tissues.
Ans:
 Characteristics of permanent tissues are:

  • Cells are large, comparatively thick walls and well developed .
  • Cytoplasm is present as a layer along the cell wall.
  • Bigger nucleus , vacuole is present in the cell.
  • There is lack of the power for the cell division in permanent tissue.

Q22: Mention the functions of nervous tissue.
Ans: 
Function of nervous tissues are:

  • They conduct nerve impulses from one part of the body to another part.
  • The nervous tissues in the body are specialised for being stimulated and then pass on the    stimulus very quickly from one place to another.

Q23: How aquatic plant like Water hyacinth floats on the water surface. Explain.
Ans:
 Water hyacinth floats on the surface of water due to presence of aerenchyma. It is a special form of parenchyma, which contains air cavities. It provides buoyancy because of the air trapped inside which helps water hyacinth in floating because of the air trapped inside.

Q24: Name the two types of vascular tissues.
Ans:
 Types of vascular tissues are 

  • Xylem: It conduct water and minerals from roots to the parts of the plant
  • Phloem: It conduct food from leaves to all parts of plant

Q25: What is the utility of tissues in multi-cellular organisms?
Ans: 
Millions of cells will be there in multicellular organisms. Specific functions are carried out by different groups of cells. There is a clear-cut division of labour in multicellular organisms i.e., different parts of the body of a multicellular organism perform specific functions. For example, the brain controls all other parts of the body, the heart pumps blood to all parts of the body, kidneys remove waste materials from the body, sense organs collect information from external sources and transfer to the brain etc. All these functions would never be possible without formation of tissues in multicellular organisms.
Q26: What are the functions of areolar tissue?
Ans: 
Areolar tissue is a connecting tissue found between skin and muscles, around our blood vessels and nerve cells and also in the bone marrow. Its functions are,
I. To fill the space inside organs.
II. To support internal organs.
III. To help in repair tissues
Q27: Differentiate between striated, untreated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and site/location in the body.
Ans: 
Difference between striated, untreated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and site/location in the body is given below:


Q28: Complete the table:


Ans:


Q29: How many types of tissues are found in animals? Name the different types.
Ans:
 In animal four types of tissues are found: 

  • Epithelium or Epithelial tissue (covering tissue): It forms outer protective covering all over the body.
  • Connective tissue  (supporting tissue): It binds cells of other tissues in the body and give them rigidity and support.
  • Muscular tissue (contractile tissue): It helps the movement of the body by contraction and relaxation.
  • Nervous tissue: Its receiver stimulates and transmit the messages.

Q30: Differentiate between voluntary and involuntary muscles. Give one example of each
Ans:
 Difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles are given below:

Q31: What are the major functions of blood?
Ans:
 Blood is a type of connective tissue, and its functions are:

  • Blood flow can transport oxygen, food, hormones and waste material from one part of the body to the other part of the body
  • Blood carries oxygen and food to all cells. It also collects wastes from all parts of the body and carries them to the liver and kidney for disposal purposes.
  • Regulates temperature by distributing heat within the body
  • WBC’S protect due body from disease and helps in wound healing
  • Platelets help in blood clotting

Q32: Write about the functions of,
(a) Epidermis
Ans:
 Epidermis, its main function is protection. It forms a waterproof coating, which reduces loss of water.
(b) Cork
Ans:
 Cork: It is protective in function. It prevents desiccation, by preventing loss of water from the plant body. It prevents infection and mechanical injury
(c) Stomata.
Ans: 
Stomata:These are the small opening which helps in exchange of gases
Q33: Differentiate between parenchyma and  collenchyma
Ans:
 Difference between parenchyma and collenchyma is given below:


Q34: Mention the characteristics features of connective tissue.
Ans: Characteristics of connective tissue:

  • The cells are loosely spaced and are embedded in a non – living intercellular matrix
  • The intercellular matrix may be like jelly, fluid, dense or rigid.
  • Depending on the connective tissues functions the nature of the matrix varies.

Q35: How does cardiac muscle differ from both voluntary and involuntary muscles in both structure and function?
Ans: Cardiac muscles are the muscles of the heart that pumps blood to all parts of the body and it shows rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout life without any fatigue. The cells of heart muscles are branched, cylindrical and uninucleate.

  • Cardiac Muscles are involuntary
  • More akin in structure and only found in heart.
  • They function throughout the  life

Q36: Differentiate between meristematic and permanent tissue.
Ans:
 Difference between meristematic and permanent tissue is given below:

Chapter 2. रेखाएँ और कोण Question Answer

रेखाएँ और कोण

आइए, पता लगाएँ (Page 15,16,17)

Q.1. (a)रिहान ने एक कागज पर एक बिंदु अंकित किया। वह उस बिंदु से जाने वाली कितनी रेखाएँ बना सकता है?
(b)शीतल ने एक कागज पर दो बिंदु अंकित किए। वह उन दोनों बिंदुओं से गुजरती हुई कितनी भिन्न रेखाएँ बना सकती है?
क्या आप रिहान और शीतल को उनके उत्तर ज्ञात करने में मदद कर सकते हैं?

उत्तर: (a) अनगिनत रेखाएँ खींची जा सकती हैं।

(b) केवल एक रेखा।

2. आकृति 2.4 में दिए गए रेखाखंडों के नाम लिखिए। पाँच अंकित बिंदुओं में से कौन-से केवल एक रेखाखंड पर स्थित हैं? कौन-से बिंदु किन्हीं दो रेखाखंडों पर स्थित हैं?

उत्तर: रेखाखंडों के नाम:

LM, MP, PQ, QR, RP

केवल एक रेखाखंड पर स्थित बिंदु:

LM, QR

दो रेखाखंडों पर स्थित बिंदु:

  • M (LM और MP पर)
  • P (MP और PQ तथा PR पर)
  • R (QR और RP पर)

3. आकृति 2.5 में दी गई किरणों के नाम लिखिए। क्या T प्रत्येक किरण का प्रारंभिक बिंदु है?

उत्तर:

किरण TA, किरण TN, किरण TB

(प्रत्येक किरण में पहला अक्षर प्रारंभिक बिंदु होता है और दूसरा अक्षर उस दिशा में कोई बिंदु जो किरण पर स्थित होता है।)

हाँ, T प्रत्येक किरण का प्रारंभिक बिंदु है।

इसलिए, T सभी किरणों का प्रारंभिक बिंदु है।

4. एक कच्ची (rough) आकृति बनाइए और नीचे दिए गए प्रत्येक बिंदु का उपयुक्त नामांकन कीजिए-
a. OP और OQ बिंदु O पर मिलते हैं।
b. XY और PQ बिंदु M पर प्रतिच्छेद करते हैं।
c. रेखा 1 पर बिंदु E और F स्थित हैं पर बिंदु D स्थित नहीं है।
d. बिंदु P, AB पर स्थित है।

उत्तर: a.

b.

c.

d.

5. आकृति 2.6 में निम्नलिखित के नाम बताइए-
a. पाँच बिंदु
b. एक रेखा
c. चार किरणें
d. पाँच रेखाखंड

उत्तर: a. पाँच बिंदु: – D, E, O, C, B

b. एक रेखा:
रेखा DE या DOB या DB (क्योंकि यह रेखा दोनों दिशाओं में अनंत तक जाती है और D, E, O, B उस पर स्थित हैं)

c. चार किरणें:

  • OB (O से शुरू होकर B की दिशा में बढ़ती हुई किरण)
  • OC (O से C की दिशा में)
  • OD (O से D की ओर)
  • OE (O से E की ओर — यह भी किरण मानी जा सकती है)

d. पाँच रेखाखंड: DE, EO, OC, CB, OB

6. आकृति 2.7 में OA एक किरण है। यह O से शुरू होती है और बिंदु A से गुजरती है। यह बिंदु B से भी गुजरती है।
a. क्या हम इसे OB भी नाम दे सकते हैं? क्यों?
b. क्या हम OA को AO लिख सकते हैं? क्यों अथवा क्यों नहीं?

उत्तर: a. हाँ, हम इसे OB नाम दे सकते हैं,
क्योंकि किरण O से शुरू होती है और B बिंदु उस पर स्थित है।
→ किरण की दिशा वही रहेगी (O से आगे की ओर),
→ और चूँकि किरण OB भी उसी दिशा में जा रही है जिसमें OA है,
इसलिए OB भी एक मान्य नाम है।

b. नहीं, हम OA को AO नहीं लिख सकते,
क्योंकि किरण का नाम हमेशा प्रारंभिक बिंदु से शुरू होता है।
→ यहाँ किरण O से शुरू होती है, इसलिए पहले O आना चाहिए।
→ AO लिखने से यह अर्थ निकलता है कि किरण A से शुरू होकर O की ओर जा रही है, जो गलत है।

आइए, पता लगाएँ (Page 19,20)

1. क्या आप दी गई आकृतियों में कोण ढूँढ़ सकते हैं? किसी भी एक कोण की भुजाएँ बनाइए और शीर्ष का नाम दीजिए।

उत्तर:

कोण ∠BDC का शीर्ष (vertex) D है।

कोण ∠PQR का शीर्ष (vertex) Q है।

कोण ∠LMN का शीर्ष (vertex) M है।

कोण ∠XYZ का शीर्ष (Vertex) Y है।

2. भुजा ST और SR को चिह्नित करते हुए कोण बनाइए।

उत्तर:

3. व्याख्या कीजिए कि ∠APC को ∠P क्यों नहीं लिखा जा सकता?

उत्तर: ∠APC को ∠P इसलिए नहीं लिखा जा सकता है, क्योंकि इस आकृति में ऐसे दो कोण ∠APB और ∠BPC हैं, जिनका शीर्ष भी P ही है।

4. नीचे दी गई आकृति में अंकित कोणों के नाम लिखिए।

उत्तर: ये कोण ∠PTR और ∠QTR हैं।

5. अपने कागज पर तीन बिंदु इस प्रकार अंकित कीजिए कि वे एक रेखा पर स्थित न हों। उन्हें A, B और C से चिह्नित कीजिए। सभी संभव रेखाएँ खींचिए, जो इन बिंदु-युग्मों से गुजरती हों। इस प्रकार आपको कितनी रेखाएँ प्राप्त होती हैं? उनके नाम भी बताइए। A, B और C का प्रयोग करते हुए आप कितने कोण बना सकते हैं? उन सभी के नाम लिखिए और आकृति 2.9 के अनुसार उनमें से प्रत्येक को एक चाप के साथ चिह्नित कीजिए|

उत्तर: हमें तीन रेखाएँ प्राप्त होती हैं।

ये हैं: रेखा AB, रेखा BC और रेखा CA

साथ ही, हमें तीन कोण प्राप्त होते हैं।

ये हैं: ∠ABC, ∠BCA और ∠CAB

6. अपने कागज पर चार बिंदु इस प्रकार अंकित कीजिए कि उनमें से कोई भी तीन बिंदु एक रेखा पर न हों। उन्हें A, B, C और D से चिह्नित कीजिए। सभी संभव रेखाएँ खींचिए, जो इन बिंदु-युग्मों से गुजरती हों। इस प्रकार आपको कितनी रेखाएँ प्राप्त होती हैं? उनके नाम भी बताइए। आप A, B, C और D से कितने कोणों का नामकरण कर सकते हैं? उन्हें लिखिए और उनमें से प्रत्येक को आकृति 2.9 के अनुसार चाप द्वारा अंकित कीजिए।

उत्तर:

हमें छः रेखाएँ प्राप्त होती हैं।

ये हैं: रेखा AB, रेखा BC, रेखा CD, रेखा DA, रेखा AC और रेखा BD

साथ ही, हमें बारह कोण प्राप्त होते हैं।

ये हैं: ∠BAC, ∠CAD, ∠BAD, ∠ABD, ∠DBC, ∠ABC, ∠BCA, ∠ACD, ∠BCD, ∠CDB, ∠CDA, और ∠BDA।

आइए, पता लगाएँ (Page 23)

1. एक आयताकर कागज को मोड़िए। अब घुमाव के निशान पर एक रेखा खींचिए। घुमाव और कागज की भुजाओं के बीच बने कोणों को नाम दीजिए और उन कोणों की तुलना कीजिए। आयताकार कागज को घुमाकर विभिन्न कोण बनाइए एवं उनकी तुलना कीजिए। यह भी बताइए कि इनमें से कौन-सा कोण सबसे बड़ा है और कौन-सा कोण सबसे छोटा है?

उत्तर: मोड़ के निशान PQ और भुजाओं द्वारा बनाए गए कोण ∠APQ, ∠BPQ, ∠DQP और ∠CQP हैं। ∠APQ और ∠CQP बराबर हैं तथा ये दोनों कोण सबसे बड़े हैं। ∠BPQ और ∠DQP बराबर हैं तथा ये दोनों कोण सबसे छोटे हैं।

2. प्रत्येक स्थिति में बताइए कि कौन-सा कोण बड़ा है और क्यों?

a. ∠AOB या ∠XOY

b. ∠AOB या ∠XOB

c. ∠XOB या ∠XOC

अपने मित्रों से चर्चा कीजिए कि आपने यह निर्णय कैसे लिया कि कौन-सा कोण बड़ा है।

उत्तर: a. (∠AOB > ∠XOY), क्योंकि ∠XOY, ∠AOB के भीतर आता है। इसका अर्थ है कि ∠XOY, ∠AOB का एक भाग है।

b. (∠AOB > ∠XOB), क्योंकि ∠XOB, ∠AOB के भीतर आता है। इसका अर्थ है कि ∠XOB, ∠AOB का एक भाग है।

c. (∠XOB = ∠XOC), क्योंकि दोनों कोण एक ही किरणों द्वारा बनाए गए हैं।

3. कौन-सा कोण बड़ा है- ∠XOY या ∠AOB? कारण बताइए।

उत्तर: क्योंकि ∠AOB, ∠XOY के भीतर आता है।

∠AOB, O से शुरू होकर A और B के बीच बना है,

जबकि ∠XOY अधिक फैला हुआ है — X से Y तक का कोण है,

जो पूरे ∠AOB को समाहित करता है और उससे अधिक है।

आइए, पता लगाएँ (Page 29,30,31)

1. आपकी कक्षा की खिड़कियों में कितने समकोण हैं? क्या अपनी कक्षा में आप और समकोण देख सकते हैं?

उत्तर:

एक खिड़की में 4 समकोण (Right Angles) होते हैं।

ये हैं: ∠1, ∠2, ∠3 और ∠4 — अर्थात चारों कोनों पर।

हाँ, समकोण हमें और भी स्थानों पर देखने को मिलते हैं — जैसे:

  • दरवाज़े के कोनों पर
  • ब्लैकबोर्ड के कोनों पर
  • टेबल, किताब, टाइल्स आदि में भी।

2. बिंदु A को ग्रिड के दूसरे बिंदुओं से एक सरल रेखा में इस प्रकार जोड़ें कि एक सरल कोण प्राप्त हो। इसे करने के विभिन्न तरीके क्या हो सकते हैं?

उत्तर:

3. अब बिंदु A को ग्रिड के दूसरे बिंदुओं से एक सरल रेखा में इस प्रकार जोड़ें कि एक समकोण प्राप्त हो। इसे करने के विभिन्न तरीके क्या हो सकते हैं?

उत्तर:

4. कागज को घुमाकर तिरछा निशान बनाइए। अब एक अन्य निशान बनाइए जो पिछले तिरछे निशान पर लंब हो।
a. अब आपके पास कितने समकोण हैं? तर्क संगत उत्तर दीजिए कि ये कोण पूर्णतया समकोण क्यों हैं?
b. वर्णन कीजिए कि आपने इसे कैसे मोड़ा ताकि जो व्यक्ति इस प्रक्रिया को करना नहीं जानता वह आपकी प्रक्रिया का अनुसरण करके समकोण बना सके।

उत्तर:

(a) हम चार समकोण ROP, POS, QOS और QOR प्राप्त करते हैं। ये सभी कोण बराबर हैं।
(b) हम कागज को इस प्रकार मोड़ते हैं कि तिरछे मोड़ के निशान का बिंदु P बिंदु Q पर पड़े (गिरे)।

आइए, पता लगाएँ (Page 31,32)

1. पिछली आकृतियों में न्यून कोण, समकोण, अधिक कोण और सरल कोण को पहचानिए।

उत्तर:

2. कुछ न्यून कोण और अधिक कोण भिन्न दशाओं में बनाइए।

उत्तर:

3. क्या आप जानते हैं कि न्यून और अधिक शब्दों का क्या अर्थ है? न्यून का अर्थ नुकीला और अधिक का अर्थ कुंद होता है। आपको क्या लगता है कि इन शब्दों का चयन क्यों किया गया होगा?

उत्तर: “न्यून” का अर्थ है नुकीला, क्योंकि न्यून कोण तेज और छोटा होता है।

“अधिक” का अर्थ है कुंद, क्योंकि अधिक कोण फैला हुआ और चौड़ा होता है।

इन शब्दों का चयन इसलिए किया गया क्योंकि वे उनके आकार और धार को दर्शाते हैं।

4. ज्ञात कीजिए कि नीचे दी गई आकृतियों में कितने न्यून कोण हैं-

अगली आकृति क्या होगी और उसमें कितने न्यून कोण होंगे? क्या आप संख्याओं में कोई पैटर्न देखते हैं?

उत्तर: a. 3 न्यून कोण

b. 12 न्यून कोण

c. 21 न्यून कोण

(Page 33)

प्रश्न. एक सरल कोण का डिग्री माप क्या होगा? एक सरल कोण, पूर्ण घुमाव का आधा होता है। क्योंकि पूर्ण घुमाव 360° है तथा पूर्ण घुमाव का आधा 180° होता है। एक समकोण का डिग्री माप क्या होगा? दो समकोण मिलकर एक सरल कोण बनाते हैं। चूँकि एक सरल कोण का माप 180° होता है, तो एक समकोण का माप 90° होगा।

उत्तर: सरल कोण का माप डिग्री में 180° होता है और समकोण का माप डिग्री में 90° होता है।

आइए, पता लगाएँ (Page 35)

1. निम्नलिखित कोणों के माप लिखिए
a. ∠KAL
ध्यान दीजिए कि इस कोण का शीर्ष बिंदु कोणमापक के केंद्रबिंदु पर संपाती है। अतः KA एवं AL के बीच 1° कोणों की इकाइयों की
संख्या से कोण KAL की माप पता चलती है। गिनने पर, हम पाते हैं-
∠KAL = 30°
क्या मध्यम आकार के चिह्नों एवं बड़े आकार के चिह्नों का उपयोग करते हुए 5 या 10 में इकाईयों की संख्या गिनना संभव है?
b. ∠WAL
c. ∠TAK

उत्तर: (a) ∠KAL = 30°
(b) ∠WAL = 50°
(c) ∠TAK = 120°

आइए, पता लगाएँ (Page 40 से 43 तक)

1. चाँदे का प्रयोग करते हुए निम्न कोणों के डिग्री माप ज्ञात कीजिए?

उत्तर: (a) ∠IHJ = 47°
(b) ∠IHJ = 24°
(c) ∠IHJ =110°

2. चाँदे का प्रयोग करते हुए अपनी कक्षा में दिख रहे विभिन्न कोणों के डिग्री माप ज्ञात कीजिए।

उत्तर: ब्लैकबोर्ड के कोने का कोण = 90°
डेस्क (मेज) के कोने का कोण = 90°

3. नीचे दिए गए कोणों के अंश माप ज्ञात कीजिए। जाँच कीजिए की क्या यहाँ कागज के चाँद का प्रयोग कर सकते हैं।

उत्तर: (a) ∠IHJ = 42°
(b) ∠IHJ =116°

यहाँ पर कागज़ का प्रोट्रैक्टर (चाँद) उपयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है।

4. नीचे दिए गए कोण का अंश माप चाँद का प्रयोग करके किस प्रकार निकाला जा सकता है?

उत्तर: हम चाँदे (प्रोट्रैक्टर) की सहायता से पहले छोटे कोण का माप करेंगे।
इसके बाद, वांछित बड़े कोण की माप जानने के लिए उस छोटे कोण के माप को 360° में से घटा देंगे।
यदि छोटे कोण का माप 100° है, तो बड़े कोण का माप होगा:
360° – 100° = 260°

5. निम्न कोणों को मापिए और प्रत्येक का डिग्री माप लिखिए।

उत्तर: a. कोण = 78°
b. कोण = 120°
(c) कोण = 60°
(d) कोण = 130°
(e) कोण = 130°
(f) कोण = 60°

6. ∠BXE, ∠CXE, ∠AXB और ∠BXC के अंश माप ज्ञात कीजिए।

उत्तर: ∠BXE = 115; ∠CXE = 85°; ∠AXB = 65° और ∠BXC = 95° – 65° = 30° है।

7. ∠PQR, ∠PQS और ∠PQT के अंश माप ज्ञात कीजिए।

∠PQR = 45°; ∠PQS = 105° और ∠PQT = 152° है।

9. आकृति 2.21 (a) में बने त्रिभज के तीनों कोणों को मापिए और संबंधित कोण के नीचे उसका माप लिखिए। तीनों मापों को जोड़िए। क्या प्राप्त होता है? इस प्रकिया का आकृति 2.21 (b) और (c) के लिए भी प्रयोग कीजिए। अन्य त्रिभुजों पर भी इस प्रकिया का प्रयोग कीजिए। फिर सामान्य तौर पर क्या होता है इसका अनुमान लगाइए। हम आगे की कक्षाओं में जानेंगे कि ऐसा क्यों हुआ।

उत्तर: आकृति (a) में, ∠A = 45°; ∠B = 65° और ∠C = 70° है।
आकृति (b) में, ∠A = 50°; ∠B = 65° और ∠C = 65° है।
आकृति (c) में, ∠A = 30°; ∠B = 55° और ∠C = 95° है।
अनुमान इन त्रिभुजों में से प्रत्येक में तीनों कोणों का योग 180° है।

आइए, पता लगाएँ (Page 45, 46)

कोण कहाँ हैं?
1. घड़ी में कोण-
a. घड़ी की सूईयाँ अलग-अलग समय पर भिन्न कोण बनाती हैं। 1 बजे सूईयों के बीच 30° का कोण होता है। क्यों?
b. 2 बजे कोण कितना होगा? और 4 बजे? 6 बजे?
c. घड़ी की सूईयों द्वारा बने अन्य कोणों को ढूँढिए।

उत्तर: a. क्योंकि घड़ी का पूरा गोल चक्र 360° होता है
और उसमें 12 घंटे होते हैं।
इसलिए हर घंटे के बीच का कोण =
360° ÷ 12 = 30°

इसलिए 1 बजे, घंटे और मिनट की सुईयों के बीच का कोण = 30°

b. अन्य समयों पर कोण:
2 बजे = 2 × 30° = 60°
4 बजे = 4 × 30° = 120°
6 बजे = 6 × 30° = 180° (यह सरल कोण है)

c.

2. एक दरवाजे का कोण-
क्या ऐसा संभव है कि कोण का प्रयोग कर यह बताया जा सके कि दरवाजा कितना खुला है?
कोण का शीर्ष और कोण की भुजाएँ क्या होंगी?

उत्तर: हाँ, दरवाज़े के खुलने की स्थिति को कोण के माध्यम से बताया जा सकता है।
जब दरवाज़ा खुलता है, तो वह दीवार से एक कोण बनाता है। जितना ज़्यादा दरवाज़ा खुलेगा, उतना ही बड़ा कोण बनेगा।

3. विद्या झूले पर अपना समय आनंद से बिता रही है। उसने ध्यान दिया कि जब उसने झूलना शुरू किया तो जितना बड़ा कोण है, उतनी ही अधिक गति वह झूले पर अर्जित कर रही है। लेकिन यहाँ कोण है कहाँ? क्या आप यहाँ पर किसी कोण को देख सकते हैं?

उत्तर: जैसा कि आकृति में दर्शाया गया है, कोण पेड़ की शाखा तथा विद्या द्वारा थामी (पकड़ी) डोरी या रस्सी द्वारा बन रहा है।

4. यहाँ एक खिलौने के दोनों ओर तिरछे तख्ते (slanting slab) लगे हैं, जितना अधिक कोण या तख्ते का झुकाव होगा उतनी ही तेजी से गेंद लुढ़कती है। क्या कोणों का प्रयोग तख्तों के झुकाव के वर्णन में किया जा सकता है? प्रत्येक कोण की भुजाएँ क्या होंगी? कौन-सी भुजा दिखाई देगी और कौन-सी नहीं?

उत्तर: हाँ। इन कोणों में से प्रत्येक में एक भुजा खिलौने का ऊर्ध्वाधर किनारा होगा तथा दूसरी भुजा तिरछा तख्ता होगा। तिरछा तख्ता दिखाई देगा, जबकि खिलौने का ऊर्ध्वाधर किनारा दिखाई नहीं देगा।

5. नीचे दिए गए चित्रों का अवलोकन कीजिए जिनमें एक कीट एवं उसकी घुमायी गई स्थितयाँ दी गई हैं। क्या घूर्णन (घुमाव ) की मात्रा बताने के लिए कोणों का उपयोग किया जा सकता है? यदि हाँ, तो कैसे? कोण का शीर्ष-बिंदु एवं उसकी भुजाएँ कौन-सी होंगी? [संकेत-कीट को छूकर जाती हुई क्षैतिज रेखा को देखिए।]

उत्तर: हाँ, दी हुई प्रत्येक आकृति में एक-चौथाई घूर्णन एक समकोण के बराबर घूर्णन को बताता है। दोनों आकृतियों में क्षैतिज और ऊर्ध्वाधर रेखाएँ कोण की भुजाएँ हैं। साथ ही, प्रत्येक कीट का आधार इस कोण का शीर्ष-बिंदु है।

आइए, पता लगाएँ (Page 49, 50)

1. आकृति 2.23 में दर्शाए सभी संभव कोणों की सूची बनाइए। क्या आप उन सभी को ढूँढ़ पाए? अब सभी कोणों के माप का अनुमान लगाइए। इसके पश्चात् चाँदे की सहायता से कोणों का माप देखिए। अपनी सभी संख्याओं (डिग्री माप) को एक सारणी में अंकित कीजिए। देखिए आपके अनुमानित उत्तर सही माप के कितने समीप हैं।

उत्तर: कोणों की सूची (List of Angles):

∠PAC
∠APD
∠DPS
∠LPR
∠PLS
∠ARP
∠PRS
∠RSL
∠ALC

डिग्री में अनुमानित माप:

∠PAC: 120°
∠APD: 90°
∠DPS: 120°
∠LPR: 60°
∠PLS: 90°
∠ARP: 30°
∠PRS: 150°
∠RSL: 90°
∠ALC: 120°

2. चाँदे की सहायता से निम्न डिग्री माप के कोण बनाइए-

(a)110°, (b) 40°, (c) 75°, (d)112°, (e) 134°

उत्तर:

3. एक कोण बनाइए जिसका डिग्री माप नीचे दिए गए कोण के समान हो।

इस कोण को बनाने में प्रयुक्त सभी चरणों को भी लिखिए।

उत्तर: चरण 1: दिए गए कोण को मापिए (∠IHJ = 120°)
चरण 2: प्रोटेक्टर का उपयोग करके ∠ABC = 120° कोण बनाइए।

आइए, पता लगाएँ (Page 51, 52)

1. नीचे दिए गए प्रत्येक ग्रिड में, बिंदु A को ग्रिड के दूसरे बिंदुओं से एक सरल रेखा से इस प्रकार मिलान कीजिए कि हमें:

(a) एक न्यून कोण प्राप्त हो।

उत्तर:

(b) एक अधिक कोण प्राप्त हो।

उत्तर:

(c) एक प्रतिवर्ती कोण प्राप्त हो।

उत्तर:

2. चाँदे की सहायता से प्रत्येक कोण का माप निकालिए। प्रत्येक कोण को न्यून कोण, अधिक कोण, समकोण या प्रतिवर्ती कोण में वर्गीकृत कीजिए।

(a) ∠PTR, (b) ∠PTQ, (c) ∠PTW, (d) ∠WTP

उत्तर: (a) ∠PTR = 30°; न्यून कोण है।
(b) ∠PTQ = 60°; न्यून कोण है।
(c) ∠PTW = 100°; अधिक कोण है।
(d) ∠WTP = 260°; प्रतिवर्ती कोण है।

आइए, पता लगाएँ (Page 53, 54)

1. निम्न अंश माप वाले कोणों को बनाइए-

(a) 140°, (b) 82°, (c) 195°, (d) 70°, (e) 35°

उत्तर:

2. प्रत्येक कोण के माप का अनुमान लगाइए और फिर चाँदे से मापिए-

इन कोणों को न्यून कोण, अधिक कोण, समकोण और प्रतिवर्ती कोणों में वर्गीकृत कीजिए।

उत्तर: (a) 45°; न्यून कोण है।
(b) 170°; अधिक कोण है।
(c) 120°; अधिक कोण है।
(d) 30°; न्यून कोण है।
(e) 100° अधिक कोण है।
(f) 350°; प्रतिवर्ती कोण है।

3. एक आकृति बनाइए जिसमें तीन न्यून कोण, एक समकोण और दो अधिक कोण हों।

उत्तर:

कोण 1, 2 और 3 तीव्र कोण हैं, कोण 4 समकोण है, और कोण 5 तथा 6 स्थूल कोण हैं।

4. अक्षर M को इस प्रकार बनाइए कि दोनों ओर के कोण 40° के हों और मध्य में कोण 60° का हो।

उत्तर:

∠1 = 30°, ∠2 = 30°, ∠3 = 60°

5. अक्षर Y को इस प्रकार बनाइए कि 150, 60° और 150° के तीन कोण बनें।

उत्तर:

6. अशोक चक्र में 24 तीलियाँ होती हैं। दो संलग्न तीलियों के बीच कितने अंश माप का कोण होगा? दो तीलियों के बीच सबसे बड़ा न्यून कोण क्या होगा?

उत्तर:

दो लगातार तीलियों के बीच का कोण = 360 ÷ 24 = 15°
सबसे बड़ा तीव्र कोण = 5 × 15° = 75°

04. Poem – Wind – Long Answer Type Questions

Q1. What kind of destruction can be caused by violent wind?

Ans: The wind can cause significant destruction due to its violent force. It damages both life and property, leading to the collapse of buildings and broken window shutters. Papers are scattered and books are thrown down, while heavy rain from storm clouds creates further challenges for vulnerable individuals. When strong winds blow, fragile houses can crumble, doors may come off their hinges, and wooden rafters can fall. Additionally, small fires are often extinguished by the wind. The wind god demonstrates his power by overwhelming weak structures and people, resulting in widespread devastation.

Q2. How does the poet use wind as a symbol in relation to human beings?

Ans: In the poet’s view, the wind symbolises the hardships faced by human beings throughout life. People encounter significant sufferingsorrow, and challenges. Only those with great strength can overcome these difficulties and continue moving forward. Weaker individuals often succumb to these struggles and accept defeat. In contrast, those who are strong, patient, and determined can confront their challenges and emerge even more resilient.

Life is inherently filled with struggles, and one must possess both physical and mental strength to navigate unfavourable circumstances. The winds of trouble cannot harm those who stand firm. Strong individuals have the ability to transform their challenges into opportunities and learn valuable lessons from them. They know how to turn the tides in their favour.

Q3. Which values of life do the poet emphasizes in the poem?

Ans: The poem “Wind” by Subramania Bharati conveys a profound moral lesson for humanity. The poet uses the wind as a symbol of life’s challenges, while sturdy structures represent resilient individuals. Through these symbols and direct statements, the poet highlights the importance of strong physical healthmental strength, confidence, and determination.

Life is not easy; it is filled with obstacles. Only those who are weak-willed and frail struggle to overcome these challenges and accept defeat. In contrast, individuals with courage can withstand adverse circumstances. Difficulties are inevitable in life, but they can be faced with courage and confidence

Q4. Why does the poet suggest to the people that they have to be strong? Write your answer in the context of the poem, ‘Wind’.

Ans: According to the poet, the wind is immensely powerful. It can break the shutters of windows, scatter papers, and throw books off shelves. When it blows violently, it brings clouds and mocks the weak, often destroying their homes. The weak are truly helpless against the wind’s force. However, the poet remains hopeful, believing that when people build strong houses, they can stand up to the wind. He encourages people to be strong at heart, as only those with a strong heart and body can face life’s challenges. The poet’s message is clear: strength is essential to confront the difficulties that life presents.

Q5. How can you say that friendship with the strong wind is good? Explain with reference to the poem ‘Wind’.

Ans: Having a friendship with the strong wind teaches us valuable lessons. It shows us that we can become resilient when facing challenges. People often say that if we are strong, the wind will be our friend, as it prefers to associate with the strong. To earn this friendship, we must demonstrate courage. This idea is central to the poet’s message about having a steadfast heart in the poem.

Q6. How can you say that the poet of the poem ‘Wind’ is a great lover of mankind?

Ans: The poet aims to make people strong at heart, encouraging them to be bold in facing life’s challenges. Just as sturdy houses protect us from the fierce wind, a strong heart helps us tackle life’s difficulties. Only the weak succumb to life’s problems. The poet’s desire for people to confront challenges and find happiness illustrates his deep compassion for humanity. This perspective reveals him as a true humanist, whose heart is filled with care for mankind.

Q7. The wind is a symbol of power and strength. How can we befriend it and survive in our struggle for existence?

Ans: The wind represents the uncontrollable and raw power of nature. It embodies strength and steadfastness, often overwhelming those who are weak in mind and body. Only individuals with strong minds and hearts can endure life’s challenges. The poet conveys a broader message: our actions and thoughts must be rooted in strength and power. To befriend the wind, we should construct sturdy homes and secure our doors. Additionally, we can gain its favour by strengthening our bodies and fortifying our hearts. By doing so, we can coexist peacefully with the wind, which extinguishes weak fires but allows strong fires to thrive.

Q8. What moral lesson do you get from the poem ‘Wind’?

Ans: The poem wind conveys important moral lessons. The poet expresses that individuals must be strong at heart, as only the weak are overwhelmed by challenges. In this context, the wind represents the difficulties that can disrupt life. However, those who possess inner strength can confront these challenges. They endure and ultimately emerge victorious.

02. एवरेस्ट: मेरी शिखर यात्रा – पाठ का सार

पाठ का सार

प्रस्तुत लेख में बचेंद्री पाल ने अपने अभियान का रोमांचकारी वर्णन किया है कि 7 मार्च को एवरेस्ट अभियान दल दिल्ली से काठमांडू के लिए चला। नमचे बाज़ार से लेखिका ने एवरेस्ट को निहारा। लेखिका ने एवरेस्ट पर एक बड़ा भारी बर्फ़ का फूल देखा। यह तेज़ हवा के कारण बनता है। 26 मार्च को अभियान दल पैरिच पहुँचा तो पता चला कि खुंभु हिमपात पर जाने वाले शेरपा कुलियों में से बर्फ़ खिसकने के कारन एक कुली की मॄत्यु हो गई और चार लोग घायल हो गए। बेस कैंप पहुँचकर पता चला कि प्रतिकूल जलवायु के कारण एक रसोई सहायक की मृत्यु हो गई है। फिर दल को ज़रुरी प्रशिक्षण दिया गया। 29 अप्रैल को वे 7900 मीटर ऊँचाई पर स्थित बेस कैंप पहुँचे जहाँ तेनजिंग ने लेखिका का हौसला बढ़ाया। 15-16 मई, 1984 को अचानक रात 12:30 बजे कैंप पर ग्लेशियर टूट पड़ा जिससे कैंप तहस-नहस हो गया , हर व्यक्‍ति चोट-ग्रस्त हुआ। लेखिका बर्फ़ में दब गई थी। उन्हें बर्फ़ से निकाला गया।

 फिर कुछ दिनों बाद लेखिका साउथकोल कैंप पहुँची। वहाँ उन्होंने पीछे आने वाले साथियों की मदद करके सबको खुश कर दिया। अगले दिन वह प्रात: ही अंगदोरज़ी के साथ शिखर – यात्रा पर निकली। अथक परिश्रम के बाद वे शिखर – कैंप पहुँचे। एक और साथी ल्हाटू के आ जाने से और ऑक्सीजन आपूर्ति बढ़ जाने से चढ़ाई आसान हो गई। 23 मई , 1984 को दोपहर 1:07 बजे लेखिका एवरेस्ट की चोटी पर खड़ी थी। वह एवरेस्त पर चढ़ने वाली पहली भारतीय महिला थी। चोटी पर दो व्यक्तियों के साथ खड़े होने की ज़गह नहीं थी, उन्होंने बर्फ के फावड़े से बर्फ की खुदाई कर अपने आप को सुरक्षित किया। लेखिका ने घुटनों के बल बैठकर ‘सागरमाथे’ के ताज को चूमा। फिर दुर्गा माँ तथा हनुमान चालीसा को कपडे में लपेटकर बर्फ़ में दबा दिया। अंगदोरज़ी ने उन्हें गले से लगकर बधाई दी। कर्नल खुल्लर ने उन्हें बधाई देते हुए कहा – मैं तुम्हरे मात-पिता को बधाई देना चाहूँगा। देश को तुम पर गर्व है। अब तुम जो नीचे आओगी , तो तुम्हें एक नया संसार देखने को मिलेगा।

लेखक परिचय  

बचेंद्री पाल

इनका जन्म सन 24 मई, 1954 को उत्तरांचल के चमोली जिले के बमपा गाँव में हुआ। पिता पढ़ाई का खर्च नहीं उठा सकते थे। अत: बचेंद्री को आठवीं से आगे की पढ़ाई का खर्च सिलाई-कढ़ाई करके जुटाना पड़ा। 

विषम परिस्थितियों के बावज़ूद बचेंद्री ने संस्कृत में एम.ए. और फिर बी. एड. की शिक्षा हासिल की। बचेंद्री को पहाद़्ओं पर चढ़ने शौक़ बचपन से था। पढ़ाई पूरी करके वह एवरेस्ट अभियान – दल में शामिल हो गईं। कई महीनों के अभ्यास के बाद आखिर वह दिन आ ही गया , जब उन्होंने एवरेस्ट विजय के लिए प्रयाण किया।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

  1. दुर्गम – जहाँ जाना कठिन हो
  2. ध्वज – झंडा
  3. हिम-स्खलन – बर्फ़ का गिरना 
  4. नेतॄत्व – अगुवाई 
  5. अवसाद – निराशा
  6. ज़ायजा लेना – अनुमान लेना
  7. हिम-विदर – बर्फ़ में दरार पड़ना 
  8. अंतत: – आखिरकार
  9. हिमपुंज – बर्फ़ का समूह
  10. उपस्कर – आरोही की आवश्यक सामग्री
  11. भुरभुरी – चूरा-चूरा टूटने वाली 
  12. शंकु – नोक
  13. रज्जु – रस्सी

2. पद – Short Questions answer

अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न
प्रश्न. 1. कवयित्री अपने प्रभु से क्या प्रार्थना कर रही है ?
उत्तर:
 कवयित्री प्रभु से अपने दुःख दूर करने की प्रार्थना कर रही है।

प्रश्न. 2. ईश्वर ने किस-किसके दुःखों को दूर किया है ?
उत्तर:
 ईश्वर ने द्रोपदी, भक्त प्रहलाद, ऐरावत हाथी आदि के दुःखों को दूर किया है।

प्रश्न. 3. द्रौपदी की लाज रखने के लिए प्रभु ने क्या चमत्कार किया ?
उत्तर
: द्रौपदी की लाज बचाने के लिए प्रभु ने उसका चीर बढ़ाया।

प्रश्न. 4. कृष्ण ने नरहरि का रूप क्यों धारण किया ? 
उत्तर: कृष्ण ने भक्त प्रहलाद की रक्षा के लिए नरहरि का रूप धारण किया।

प्रश्न. 5. मीराबाई श्याम की चाकरी क्यों करना चाहती हैं ? स्पष्ट कीजिए।
अथवा
मीराबाई श्रीकृष्ण की चाकरी क्यों करना चाहती हैं ?
उत्तर
: मीराबाई श्याम (श्रीकृष्ण) की चाकरी इसलिए करना चाहती हैं, क्योंकि उनकी चाकरी करने पर मीरा को नित्य दर्शन का लाभ मिलेगा, वृंदावन की कुंज गली में गोविन्द की लीलाओं को गा सकेंगी और उन्हें भक्ति भाव का साम्राज्य प्राप्त हो जाएगा।

प्रश्न. 6. मीरा कृष्ण से क्या प्रार्थना कर रही हैं ?
उत्तर:
 मीरा कृष्ण से उन्हें अपनी सेविका बनाने के लिए प्रार्थना कर रही हैं।

प्रश्न. 7. ‘चाकर रहस्यूँ बाग लगास्यूँ नित उठ दरसण पास्यूँ’ का आशय क्या है ?
उत्तर:
 आशय-आपकी दासी बनकर बाग लगाऊँगी और रोज आपके दर्शन करूँगी।

प्रश्न. 8. मीरा कृष्ण की लीलाओं का गुणगान कहाँ करना चाहती हैं ?
उत्तर:
 मीरा कृष्ण की लीलाओं का गुणगान वृन्दावन की कुँज गलियों में करना चाहती हैं।

प्रश्न. 9. कृष्ण की चाकरी करने पर मीरा को कौन-सी जागीर प्राप्त होगी ? 
उत्तर: कृष्ण की चाकरी करने पर मीरा को कृष्ण  की भक्ति की जागीर प्राप्त होगी।

प्रश्न. 10. भाव-भक्ति को जागीर क्यों कहा गया है ? उसके लिए क्या आवश्यक है ?
उत्तर:
 किसी भी सच्चे भक्त के लिए सबसे बड़ी जागीर है-उसका भगवान। भगवान को पाने का सर्वाेत्तम साधन है-भक्ति। मीरा भावपूर्ण भक्ति की उपासिका थीं। उसी के माध्यम से वे अपने कृष्ण  को पा सकती थीं। इसलिए भाव-भक्ति उनके लिए जागीर के समान थी।

प्रश्न. 11. ‘मोर मुगट’ शब्द का तात्पर्य क्या है ?
उत्तर:
 ‘मोर मुगट’ शब्द का तात्पर्य है ‘मोर पंख से युक्त मुकुट’।

प्रश्न. 12. कृष्ण के गले में क्या पड़ा है ?
उत्तर: 
कृष्ण के गले में वैजन्ती माला पड़ी है।

प्रश्न. 13. मीरा ऊँचे-ऊँचे महलों के बीच-बीच में ‘बारी’ क्यों बनाना चाहती हैं ?
उत्तर:
 मीरा ऊँचे-ऊँचे महलों के बीच-बीच में ‘बारी’ बनकर श्रीकृष्ण  के दर्शन कर सकें।

प्रश्न. 14. ‘कुसुम्बी’ का क्या तात्पर्य है ?
उत्तर: 
‘कुसुम्बी’ का तात्पर्य है-गहरा लाल।

प्रश्न. 15. मीरा श्रीकृष्ण से क्या प्रार्थना करती हैं ?
उत्तर:
 मीरा श्रीकृष्ण से उन्हें यमुना के तट पर आधी रात के समय दर्शन देने की प्रार्थना करती है।

लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न
प्रश्न. 1. ‘हरि आप हरो……’ पद में मीरा ने किन-किन पर की गई कृपा को स्मरण करते हरि से अपनी पीड़ा हरने की विनती की है ?
उत्तर:
 इस पद में हरि से अपनी पीड़ा को हरने की विनती करते समय मीरा उन्हें उनकी दया का स्मरण कराती हैं कि उन्होंने चीर बढ़ाकर द्रौपदी की लाज बचाई थी, भक्त प्रहलाद को बचाने के लिए नरसिंह रूप धारण किया था तथा डूबते गजराज को मगरमच्छ के मुँह से बचाया था। मीरा चाहती हैं कि उसी प्रकार कृष्ण अपनी इसी मर्यादा के अनुरूप उनकी (मीरा की) पीड़ा का भी हरण कर लें।

प्रश्न. 2. कौन-कौन से उदाहरण देकर मीरा ने हरि से अपनी पीड़ा हरने की विनती किस प्रकार की है ?
अथवा
मीरा ने हरि से अपनी पीड़ा हरने की विनती किस प्रकार की है ?
उत्तर: 
मीराबाई श्रीकृष्ण से बड़े ही विनम्र शब्दों में अपनी पीड़ा हरने के लिए प्रार्थना करती हुई कहती हैं, कि हे प्रभु! आप हमारी पीड़ा दूर करो। जिस प्रकार आपने द्रौपदी की लाज चीर बढ़ाकर की थी, भक्त प्रहलाद की रक्षा नरसिंह रूप धारण करके की थी, डूबते हुए हाथी की रक्षा की, मगरमच्छ को मारकर कुँजर की रक्षा की थी, उसी प्रकार आप मेरी भी रक्षा करें।

प्रश्न. 3. भगवान अपने भक्तों की रक्षा करते हैं-सोदाहरण सिद्ध कीजिए। 
उत्तर: भगवान अपने भक्तों की रक्षा करते हैं। कृष्ण ने द्रौपदी की लाज बचाने के लिए उसे वस्त्र प्रदान किए। उसे सभा में निर्वस्त्र होने से बचा लिया। भगवान विष्णु ने अपने भक्त प्रहलाद की रक्षा के लिए नरसिंह का रूप धारण किया तथा हिरण्यकश्यप का पेट फाड़ डाला। इसी भाँति उन्होंने डूबते हुए हाथी के मुख से हरि नाम सुनकर उसे मगरमच्छ के मुँह ये बचा लिया।

प्रश्न. 4. चाकरी से मीरा को क्या लाभ मिलेगा ?
उत्तर:
 चाकरी से मीरा को कृष्ण दर्शन का लाभ मिलेगा। वह नित्य श्रीकृष्ण के दर्शन कर सकेगी और वृन्दावन की कुंज गली में गोविन्द की लीलाओं को गा सकेगी। जिससे उसे भक्तिभाव का साम्राज्य प्राप्त हो जाएगा।

प्रश्न. 5. मीराबाई ने श्रीकृष्ण के रूप-सौंदर्य का वर्णन कैसे किया है ?
उत्तर: 
मीराबाई ने श्रीकृष्ण के रूप-सौंदर्य का वर्णन इस प्रकार किया है-श्रीकृष्ण का रूप-सौंदर्य और मुखाकृति आकर्षित करने वाली है, उन्होंने अपने सिर पर मोर के पंखों का मुकुट पहन रखा है, गले में वैजन्ती के पुष्पों की माला है, शरीर पर पीले रंग का वस्त्र अर्थात् पीताम्बर सुशोभित हो रहा है, हाथों में बाँसुरी को धारण कर वृंदावन में यमुना के तट पर गायें चराने जा रहे हैं।
प्रश्न. 6. मीरा कृष्ण के लिए कुसुम्बी साड़ी क्यों पहनना चाहती हैं ?
उत्तर:
 

  • कृष्ण भी पीताम्बर धारण करते हैं। 
  • कुसुम्बी साड़ी जोगन मीरा के अनुकूल है।

व्याख्यात्मक हल:
मीरा कृष्ण दर्शन के लिए कुसुम्बी साड़ी इसलिए पहनना चाहती है क्योंकि वह अपने आप को पीताम्बर धारण करने वाले कृष्ण के सामने जोगन के रूप में प्रस्तुत करना चाहती है। कुसुम्बी साड़ी जोगन मीरा के अनुकूल है क्योंकि कुसुम्बी का अर्थ है- गहरा लाल।

प्रश्न. 7. मीरा कृष्ण को अपना प्रियतम मानती हैं। उनकी भक्ति में प्रेम का पुट अधिक है- सिद्ध कीजिए।
उत्तर:
 मीरा कृष्ण को अपना प्रियतम मानती हैं इसलिए वह उनके सुन्दर छबीले रूप की आराधना करती हैं और लाल साड़ी पहनकर उनसे यमुना तट पर मिलना चाहती हैं। इससे स्पष्ट है कि उनकी भक्ति में प्रेम का पुट अधिक है।

प्रश्न. 8. निम्नलिखित पंक्तियों का भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए:
(क) हरि आप हरो जन री भीर।
द्रौपदी की लाज राखी, आप बढ़ायौ चीर।
भगत कारण रूप नर हरि, धर्यौ आप शरीर।
(ख) बूढ़तो गजराज राख्यो, काटी कुज्जर पीर।
दासी मीरा लाल गिरधर, हरौ म्हारी भीर।।
(ग) चाकरी में दरसण पास्यूँ, सुमरण पास्यूँ खरची।
भाव भगती जागीरी पास्यूँ, तीनूँ बाताँ सरसी।।
उत्तर: 
(क) भाव- मीराबाई ईश्वर से भक्त एवं व्यक्तियों की पीड़ा दूर करने की प्रार्थना करती हुई कहती हैं कि द्रौपदी की लाज बचाने के लिए भगवान ने चीर बढ़ा दिया था तथा भक्त प्रहलाद की रक्षा हेतु नरसिंह का रूप हरि ने धारण किया था।
(ख)भाव- मीराबाई ईश्वर से प्रार्थना कर रही है कि जिस प्रकार डूबते गजराज की रक्षा मगरमच्छ को मारकर की थी उसी प्रकार आप अपनी दासी मीरा की पीड़ा को दूर करो।
(ग) भाव- मीराबाई श्रीकृष्ण की चाकरी करना चाहती हैं। अतः वह श्रीकृष्ण से उन्हें चाकर रखने की प्रार्थना करती हुई कहती हैं कि चाकरी करने पर उन्हें बदले में दर्शन पाने की इच्छा है। जो स्मरण पाएँगी उसे वे खर्च समझकर रख लेंगी। भक्ति-भाव की जागीर उन्हें प्राप्त हो जाएगी।

प्रश्न. 9. ‘द्रोपदी री लाज राखी’ के आधार पर भगवान के रक्षक-रूप का वर्णन कीजिए। मीरा के पद के आधार पर लिखिए।
उत्तर: कृष्ण अपने भक्तों और प्रियजनों की रक्षा करने वाले हैं। द्रोपदी की लाज बचाकर उन्होंने यह साबित कर दिया।
व्याख्यात्मक हल:
भगवान कृष्ण अपने भक्तों और प्रियजनों की रक्षा करते थे। एक बार पांडवों ने जुए में द्रौपदी को दाँव पर लगा दिया और हार गए। कौरव जीत गए। दुर्योधन ने अपने भाई दुःशासन को आदेश दिया कि वह द्रौपदी को सभा में खींच लाए और उसे निर्वस्त्र कर दे। तब किसी पांडव ने उसकी रक्षा न की। द्रौपदी ने मन ही मन कृष्ण को याद किया। कृष्ण प्रकट हुए। उन्होंने द्रौपदी का चीर बढ़ाकर उसकी लाज बचाई।

प्रश्न. 10. द्रौपदी की लाज बचाने के लिए कृष्ण ने क्या किया था? मीरा के पद के आधार पर स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर: 

  • चीर बढ़ाया
  • संकट में केवल प्रभु सहायक, उन्होंने उसके सम्मान की रक्षा की

व्याख्यात्मक हल:
द्रौपदी की लाज बचाने के लिए कृष्ण ने कौरवों की सभा में द्रौपदी चीर-हरण के समय द्रौपदी का चीर बढ़ाया था। इस प्रकार संकट के समय प्रभु ने भक्त की सहायता करके उसके सम्मान की रक्षा की थी।

यहाँ पढ़ें: “पद” पाठ की व्याख्या
पद पाठ का सार यहाँ से पढ़ें।

3. Money and Credit – Worksheet Solutions

Multiple Choice Questions
Q1: A person can withdraw money from a bank by issuing a cheque. What is a cheque?
(a) Loan taken by the bank.
(b) Loan taken by the depositor from the bank.
(c) Paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount.
(d) Paper valid to withdraw money

Ans: (c)

Q2: Which one of the following is not a formal source of credit?
(a) Commercial Banks
(b) State Bank of India
(c) Employers
(d) Co-operatives

Ans: (c)

Q3: All the banks actas mediator between _________ and _________.
(a) rural people, urban people
(b) literates, illiterates
(c) people, government
(d) depositors, borrowers
Ans:
 (d)

Q4: Organised credit is also called
(a) informal credit
(b) formal credit
(c) cooperative credit
(d) none of these

Ans: (b)

Q5: A porter making pots, wants to exchange pots for wheat. Lukily, he meets a farmer who has wheat and is willing to exchange it for the pots. What is this situation known as?
(a) Incidence of wants
(b) Double coincidence of wants
(c) Barter system of wants
(d) None of the above

Ans: (b)

Q6: Organised credit is also called
(a) informal credit
(b) formal credit
(c) cooperative credit
(d) none of these

Ans: (b)

Q7: Modern form of money is linked with which system?
(a) Accounts system
(b) Finance system
(c) Banking system
(d) None of the above.

Ans: (c)

Q8: Which one of the following does not come under terms of credit?
(a) Interest rate
(b) Employment
(c) Collateral
(d) Mode of repayment.

Ans: (b)

Q9: What are electronic banking services?
(a) ATM
(b) Debit Card
(c) Credit Card
(d) All of the above.
Ans:
 (d)

Q10: A person can withdraw money by issuing a cheque. What is a cheque?
(a) Loan taken by the bank.
(b) Loan taken by the depositor from the bank.
(c) Paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount.
(d) Paper valid to withdraw money

Ans: (c)

Fill in The Blanks
Direction: Complete the following statements with appropriate word(s).
Q1: Modern forms of money include _______ (gold coins/ paper notes)
Ans:
 Paper notes 

Q2: Deposits in bank accounts withdrawn on demand are called _____ .
Ans:
 Demand deposits 

Q3: _____ issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.
Ans: 
Reserve Bank of India

Q4: Majority of the credit needs of the _____ households are met from informal sources.
Ans:
 poor 

Q5: _____ is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee until the loan is repaid to the lender.
Ans:
 Collateral

True & False

Direction: Read each of the following statements and write if it is true or false.
Q1: In a SHG, most of the decisions regarding savings and loan activities are taken by government.
Ans:
 False

Q2: The collateral demand that lenders make loans against are vehicle and building of the borrower.
Ans:
 True

Assertion And Reason Type Questions
Direction Mark the option which is most suitable :‘
Q1: Assertion: In India, no individual can refuse to accept a payment made in rupees.
Reason: Rupee is the legal tender in India.
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.

Ans: (a)
The law legalizes the use of rupee as a medium of payment that cannot be refused in settling transactions in India.

Q2: Assertion: Banks keep only a small proportion of their deposits as cash with themselves.
Reason: Banks in India these days hold about 15 per cent of their deposits as cash.

(a) If Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.

Ans: (b)
Banks keep only a small proportion of their deposits as cash with themselves because they use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans as there is a huge demand for Ioans for various economic activities.

Q3: Assertion: Rohan took credit in the form of advance payment from a buyer and he delivered the goods to the buyer on time and also earned profit. The credit made Rohan better off in this situation.
Reason: Credit can never push a person into a debt trap.

(a) If Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.

Ans: (c)
The credit made Rohan better off in this situation, however, Rohan would have been worse off if he had failed to deliver the goods on time or he had made a loss in the production process. The latter two situations may have caused Rohan to fall in a debt trap.

Q4: Assertion: Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns (such as land, building, vehicle, livestock, deposits with banks) and uses this as a guarantee to a
Reason: Collateral is given as the lender can sell the collateral to recover the loan amount if the borrower fails to repay the loan.

(a) If Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.

Ans: (a)
Property such as land titles, deposits with banks, livestock are some common examples of collateral used for borrowing. In case of failure of repayment of loan, the lender can sell the collateral to recover the loan amount.

Q5: Assertion: The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans.
Reason: The RBI sees that the banks give loans not just to profit-making businesses and traders but also to small cultivators, small scale industries, to small borrowers etc.

(a) If Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.

Ans: (b)
The RBI oversees the functioning of commercial banks.
The reason statement substantiates the assertion but it is not the explanation for the assertion.

Very Short Answer Type Questions
Q1: Give any two examples of informal sector of credit.
Ans: 
The two examples of informal sector of credit are moneylenders and friends.

Q2: How does the use of money make it easier to exchange things? Give an example.
Ans:
 In barter system, if a shoe manufacturer wants to sell shoes and buy wheat, first he has to look for a wheatgrowing farmer who wants to buy shoes and needs to sell wheat.
Money can make it easier to exchange the things.
The shoe manufacturer can sell the shoes for money and then with that money he can bed to buy wheat.

Q3: How do the deposits with the banks become their source of income?
Ans: 
With the deposits in the bank, the bank use it to extend loan to the borrowers with the high rate of interest. Bank pays less rate of interest to the depositors. The difference is the source of income of the banks.

Q4: Compare formal sector loans with informal sector loans regarding interest only.
Ans:
 The rate of interest charged by the formal sector is low whereas it is high in case of the informal sector.

Q5: What do people do with extra money?
Ans: 
They deposit it with the banks by opening a bank account in their name.

Q6: Why do we consider demand deposits as money?
Ans:
 Demand deposit constitute money in modern economy as they are accepted widely as a means of payment along with currency. 

Q7: What does higher cost of borrowing means?
Ans: 
This means a large part of the earnings of the borrowers is used to repay the loan. Hence, borrowers have less income left for themselves.

Q8: When is crucial for the country’s development?
Ans: 
Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country is development.

Q9: How do the SHGs help borrowers?
Ans: 
The SHGs help borrowers overcome the problem of lack of collateral. 

Q10: Prove with an argument that there is a great need to expand formal sources of credit in rural India.
Ans: 
There is a great need to expand formal sources of credit in rural India so that the people can be protected from the clutch ‘ of the moneylenders and improve their economic condition.

Short Answer Type Questions 
Q1: Why is cheap and affordable credit important for the country’s development? Explain any three reasons.
or
“Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development.” Assess the statement.
Ans: 
Due to the following three reasons, cheap and affordable credit is important for the country’s development:
a. It will help people to take credit for variety of reasons.
b. It will help poor people to get rid of the problem of moneylenders and their high rate of interest.
c. It will be easy for the people to repay the loan.

Q2: Explain any three loan activities of banks in India.
Ans:
 The three loan activities of the banks are:
a. People have extra cash with them. Those having extra cash open a bank account in their name and deposit the surplus money there.
b. Out of the total money deposited with the banks, 15% of it is kept as minimum cash balance to pay to the depositors who might come to withdraw money from the bank on any given day.
c. Rest of the amount is used to extend loan to the borrowers.

Q3: Why do banks ask for collateral while giving credit to a borrower?
Ans: 
Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns such as land, building, vehicle, livestock, land documents, deposits with banks etc. This stands as a security against the money borrowed from the bank. In case the borrower fails to repay the loan to the bank, the lender has the right to sell the asset or collateral.

Q4: What comprises ‘terms of credit’?
Ans:
 Rate of interest, collateral security, documentation requirements and mode of repayment together comprise terms of credit. This varies from bank to bank and borrower to borrower.

Q5: “Supervision of the functioning of formal sources of loans is necessary”.
Ans:
 Supervision of the functioning of formal sources of loans is necessary because banks have to submit information to the RBI on how much they are lending, to whom they are lending and at what interest rate etc.

Q6: “There is a great need to expand formal sources of credit in rural India.” Examine the statement.
Ans: 
There is great need to expand formal sources of credit in rural India because: In the informal sector there is no organisation to supervises the credit activities of lenders. They lend at whatever interest rate they choose. No one can stop rural money-lenders from using unfair means to get their money back.

Q7: Describe the utility of Cheque.
Ans:
 A Cheque is a paper that instructs the bank to pay a specific amount from the account holder’s account to the person in whose name the Cheque has been issued.
Demand deposits are accepted as a means of payment because the depositors get the facility of Cheque against it, which is used to settle the transaction without the use of money.

Q8: “The credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged.” Support the statement with arguments.
Ans:
 It is true to say that the credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged. It is due to the following reasons:
a. They charge high rate of interest in comparison to that of formal sector.
b. Thus the cost of borrowing is high.
c. Due to high cost of borrowing, the borrowers have to repay more and they will have less saving, which will hinder individual economic development and ultimately will affect the country’s economic development.

Q9: ‘Credit has its own unique role for development.’ Justify the statement with arguments.
Ans:
 Credit plays a positive role when the borrower is able to return the loan amount on time and also made some profit with the use of that money. For example, Salim, a shoe manufacturer took a loan from different sources to complete the order of 3000 pair of shoes. In the end he delivered the order, made profit and repaid the loan. Sometimes, credit is very painful as it pushes the borrower into such a situation from where recovery is very difficult. In this situation the borrower is not able to repay the loan and many a times caught into the situation of debt-trap. For example, a small farmer Swapna took loan for crop cultivation but due to some reason she faced the situation of crop failure. So she took another loan for spraying pesticides but the production was not enough to repay the loan. So she was caught in debt-trap.

Q10: “Poor households still depend on informal source of credit.” Support the statement with examples.
or
“Most of the poor household still depend on the informal sector for loans, both in rural and urban areas of India.” Support the statement with three examples.
Ans: 
Yes, it is true that the poor households still depend on informal source of credit. It is due to the following reasons:
a. Banks are not present everywhere.
b. Collateral is required by the formal sector loan providers.
c. Many a time, the moneylenders know the borrowers personally and willing to pay the loan without any collateral.

Long Answer Type Questions
Q1: What are self-help groups? How are they emerging as an import ant source of credit? Explain.
or
‘Self-Help Groups’ help borrowers to overcome the problems of lack of collateral.” Examine the statement.
Ans: 
This is a new idea to organize rural poor particularly women who pool their savings. Generally, this group has 15-20 members. Members belong to the neighbourhood so that they can meet and save regularly. Saving per member varies from ? 25 to ? 100 or more, depending on the economic condition of the member. When the group is regular in saving for a year or two then the group is eligible for getting loan from the bank. Bank provide loan in the name of the group and then the SHG gives loan to its members at very low rate of interest. Loan matter is taken very seriously as, if any one member is not able to repay the loan then it is followed by other members and because of this feature, they get loan from the bank even though they have no collateral.

Q2: How do SHG’s act to provide a platform for women to address their various social issues?
Ans:
 SHGs act to provide a platform for women to address their various social issues in the following ways:
(1) A Self-Help Group is an organization of rural poor, particularly women who pool their savings.
(2) The SHG encourages its members for savings and enables them to take small loans from the group itself to meet their needs. In this way, it addresses their economic issue that is the base of many social issues.
(3) SHGs are the building blocks of the organization of the rural poor. Not only does it help women to become financially self-reliant, but the regular meetings of the group also provide a platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such as health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc.
(4) The SHG provides self-employment opportunities to its members by providing them loans for meeting working capital needs, for housing materials, for acquiring assets like a sewing machine, handlooms, cattle, etc.
(5) The group charges interest on these loans but this is still less than what the money-lenders charge.

Q3: “Banks are playing an important role in the development of the Indian economy.” Support the statement with examples.
Ans: 
Cheap and affordable credit is important for the country’s development because:
a. It will help people to take credit for variety of reasons.
b. It will help poor people to get rid of the problem of moneylenders and their high rate of interest.
c. It will be easy for the people to repay the loan.
Those having extra cash open a bank account in their name and deposit the surplus money there.
Their money is safe with the banks and they get some interest rate on the amount they have deposited. Out of the total money deposited with the banks, 15% of it is kept as minimum cash balance to pay to the depositors who might come to withdraw money from the bank on any given day. Rest of the amount is used to extend loan to the borrowers.
This helps people to run and expand their business which will increase the individual income and finally the country’s income. Credit plays a positive role when the borrower is able to return the loan amount on time and also made some profit with the use of that money. For example: Salim, a shoe manufacturer took a loan from different sources to complete the order of 3000 pair of shoes, in the end he delivered the order, made profit and repaid the loan.

Q4: How can the formal sector loans be made beneficial for the poor farmers and workers? Suggest any five measures.
Ans:
 The formal sector loans can be made beneficial for the poor farmers and the workers by taking the following measures:
a. There should be availability of more and more banks in the rural areas.
b. Providing the loan to the poor at much cheaper rates.
c. There should be easy access to loan.
d. Depending on situation, farmers should be given credit without collateral.
e. There should be provision of instant loan to the farmers and the poor.

Q5: What are Self-Help Groups? How do they work? Explain.
Ans: This is a new idea to organize rural poor particularly women who pool their savings. Generally, this group has 15-20 members. Members belong to the neighbourhood so that they can meet and save regularly. Saving per member varies from ? 25 to ? 100 or more, depending on the economic condition of the member. When the group is regular in saving for a year or two then the group is eligible for getting loan from the bank. Bank provide loan in the name of the group and then the SHG gives loan to its members at very low rate of interest. Loan matter is taken very seriously, as if any one member is not able to repay the loan then it is followed by other members and because of this feature, they get loan from the bank even though they have no collateral. Loan is provided to help them to create selfemployment opportunities. All the group members together take decision regarding saving and loan activities. SHG helps women in making them financially self-reliant and provides platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues.

Q6: What is credit? How does credit play a vital and positive role? Explain with an example.
Ans: 
Credit is an agreement between the lender and the borrower in which the borrower promises to pay the lender in the future. Credit plays a positive role when the borrower is able to return the loan amount on time and also made some profit with the use of that money. For example: Salim, a shoe manufacturer took a loan from different sources to complete the order of 3000 pair of shoes, in the end he delivered the order, made profit and repaid the loan.

Q7: Why are banks necessary for a country?
Ans: Banks provide ‘Yeoman Services” to the country. The modernisation of any economy has been possible with the development of banking system of that country. Following are the reasons which justify the necessity of banks for a country:
(i) Banks mobilise the dormant savings of the country. The surplus money which the people have and don’t need in the near future is accepted by the banks as deposits.
(ii) These deposits of the public provide safety to their funds and income in the form of interest.
(iii) People can withdraw this money whenever they are in need. So, these deposits provide liquidity to the depositors.
(iv) Banks provide loans to the needy borrowers.
(v) Banks provide loans to the people out of the money deposited by the depositors. In this way the banks acts the role of financial intermediary.
(vi) Most of the credit issued by the banks is used for productive purposes which increase the production and employment opportunities in the economy.
(vii) Banks provide credit facilities not only to general people, but they also participate in providing government loans as well. So, in this way, banks help the government in the development of infrastructural facilities.

Q8: In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of banks? Why is this necessary? 
OR
How does Reserve Bank of India play a crucial role in controlling the formal sector loans. Explain.
Ans: 
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) supervises the functioning of the banks in the following manner:
(i) First of all, RBI determines the necessary reserve ratios for banks such as Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) to be maintained by them. The reserves are maintained by the banks to deal with the liquidity crunch in case if it arises. These reserves are calculated on the basis of the deposits held with the banks.
(ii) The banks have to periodically submit report to the RBI regarding the credit portfolio. They have to ensure that they do not breach any of the instructions given by RBI on the management of credit portfolio. This helps the RBI to contain any risk situations that may emerge due the lending practices of thebanks.
(iii) RBI also ensures that the banks are not being partial in providing loans. It means that RBI ensures that the banks are lending not only to the big businessmen or companies, but also taking care of the weaker sections of the society like small farmers and agricultural labourers in rural areas and small businessmen, labourers, small artisans etc. in urban areas. Lending to such weaker sections may be included in priority sector lending of the banks.
(iv) The RBI may supervise the expansion pattern of the banks in order to ensure that the banks are not only opening their branches in urban areas, but also expanding their facilities in rural and remote areas like hilly areas of the country.

Q9: When does credit push the borrower into a debt-trap? Explain with the help of an example.
Ans:
 Sometimes credit is very painful as it pushes the borrower into such a situation from where recovery is very difficult. In this situation the borrower is not able to repay the loan and many a times, caught into the situation of debt-trap. For example:-a small farmer Swapna took loan for crop cultivation but due to some reason she faced the situation of crop failure. So she took another loan for spraying pesticides but the production was not enough to repay the loan. So she was caught in debt-trap.

Q10: What are the merits and demerits of credit ?
OR
‘‘Credit is useful as well as harmful, it depends on the risk involved.’’ Support the statement with examples.
Ans: 
Credit is a facility in which a lender extends a loan to a borrower to fulfill his needs with a promise from the borrower to return the borrowed money to the lender with predetermined interest. Such credit may be in terms of money as well as goods and services. The credit facility has following merits and demerits :
Merits :
(i) It provides much needed purchasing power to the borrower which he lacks.
(ii) It helps the borrower to mobilise the productive resources.
(iii) It helps to increase the production of the borrower and the country.
(iv) It helps to raise the income and standard of living of the borrower.
(v) It helps the lender to earn income in the form of interest.
(vi) It helps to utilise surplus money of lender which is not in immediate use.

Demerits :
(i) It puts a burden of payment of excess amount on the borrower. The excess amount refers to the sum of principal and interest.
(ii) It puts the borrower in stress of losing an asset or reputation if he fails to return the borrowed money on time.
(iii) If the borrower looses the loan amount and is not supported by the financial or asset backup, he may fall into the debt trap.
(iv) If the terms of credit are unfavourable, the borrower may face difficulties in carrying on with the credit.
Credit is helpful in a situation where there is not much risk. For Example: Mohan take a loan to complete an order for shoe delivery. Since the order is already placed, taking the loan does not involve much risk. Hence, Mohan is able to take benefit from the loan. But Neelima takes the loan for crop cultivation. This is risky as the crop may fail due to pests. This indeed happens and Neelima cannot repay the loan. She takes another loan next year and get caught in a debt trap.