English for Class 8 ( POORVI ) Chapter Notes

Introduction

India is a country filled with magical and surprising natural wonders. From glowing waters and disappearing seas to hills where gravity seems to vanish, nature here works in mysterious and fascinating ways. These wonders amaze everyone, both people living in India and those visiting from other countries. In this chapter, we travel through seven extraordinary places that show us how powerful, creative, and full of surprises nature can be.

Key Points of the Story

• The Valley of Flowers, located in Uttarakhand, is home to around 600 species of beautiful flowers, including orchids, poppies, and daisies. It is a stunning sight, especially during the blooming months of May to October.
• This valley is not only famous for its flowers but also for its wildlife, which includes rare animals like the snow leopard and the red fox. The place is surrounded by the majestic Himalayan mountains.
• The Living Root Bridges in Meghalaya are unique bridges made from the roots of trees. They are built by the local people and are a part of their culture. These bridges are strong and can last for hundreds of years.
• The Lonar Crater Lake in Maharashtra was formed by a meteorite crashing into the Earth. This lake is special because it is the only crater in India made of basalt rock and is one of the largest in the world.
• In Ladakh, there is a place called the Magnetic Hill, where cars can roll uphill due to an optical illusion. This strange phenomenon attracts many visitors who want to see it for themselves.
• Kumbalangi in Kerala features glowing waters due to tiny organisms called microplankton. This beautiful sight attracts tourists and is part of the village’s eco-tourism efforts.
• The Sundarbans is a large mangrove forest in West Bengal. It is home to many animals, including the famous Bengal tiger. This forest helps protect the coastline from erosion.
• Chandipur Beach in Odisha is famous for its disappearing sea. The water moves away and comes back, making it look like the sea is playing hide-and-seek with people.
• These natural wonders in India showcase the beauty and mystery of nature. Each place tells a unique story and shows how magical the world can be.
• These phenomena remind us of the power of nature and how it can surprise and delight us.

Try yourself:

What is unique about the Living Root Bridges in Meghalaya?

• A.Built from tree roots
• B.Made of stone
• C.Built by machines
• D.Made of metal

View Solution

Detailed Summary

India is full of natural wonders that are both beautiful and mysterious. These places are not only amazing to look at but also tell fascinating stories about nature’s creativity. Let’s explore some of these magical places and the secrets they hold.

1. The Valley of Flowers, Uttarakhand

Tucked in Uttarakhand, the Valley of Flowers is like a dreamland full of colour. It blooms with around 600 different flowers – orchids, poppies, primulas, marigolds, daisies, and anemones. The entire valley becomes a painting of nature’s beauty from May to October. The trek to reach the valley is exciting too, with waterfalls and wild streams along the way. This valley is also home to rare animals like the grey langur, flying squirrel, red fox, lime butterfly, and even the snow leopard. With the majestic Himalayas in the background, the Valley of Flowers is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that gives visitors an unforgettable experience.

2. The Living Root Bridges, Meghalaya

In Meghalaya, people have created real-life magical bridges using tree roots. These living root bridges are made by guiding the roots of trees to grow across streams and rivers. Unlike bamboo or wooden bridges that easily get damaged during monsoons, these root bridges are strong and can last hundreds of years. They are built by indigenous people and reflect their deep connection with nature. Some of these bridges are 50 to 100 feet high, and the longest one is 175 feet long. There are nearly 100 such bridges across various villages, and they are also recognised as part of UNESCO’s world heritage.

3. The Lonar Crater Lake, Maharashtra

Lonar Crater Lake, located in Buldhana, Maharashtra, is a geological wonder formed thousands of years ago when a huge meteorite hit the Earth. It is the only meteorite crater in India formed in basaltic rock and is the third-largest in the world. At the centre of the perfectly round crater is a salty lake, creating a strange and beautiful sight. It’s a mix of space science and Earth’s natural beauty. The crater rim gives a great view of the area, reminding us of how powerful and mysterious nature can be.

4. Magnetic Hills, Ladakh

In the Leh district of Ladakh, there’s a place called Magnetic Hill that seems to go against the laws of gravity. A yellow signboard marks the area, telling visitors to park their vehicles in a white-marked spot. When they do, the cars appear to roll uphill by themselves at a speed of about 20 km/h! This amazing trick is an optical illusion caused by the way the surrounding land and horizon are aligned. Even though it feels like the car is going uphill, it is rolling downhill. This strange effect has puzzled and delighted visitors for years.

5. Glowing Waters of Kerala

At night, in the village of Kumbalangi near Kochi, the waters glow like magic! This glow is caused by tiny sea organisms called microplankton. When disturbed, they light up, creating a glowing effect in the water, especially at night. This natural phenomenon, known as bioluminescence, has made Kumbalangi a popular eco-tourism spot. Tourists enjoy the glow and also explore village life, its delicious food, and peaceful culture. It’s a place where nature and people live in harmony.

6. The Sundarbans, West Bengal

The Sundarbans is a huge mangrove forest spread over 1,400 km² in West Bengal, at the delta formed by the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers. These forests grow in salty, muddy areas, and their roots slow down tides and help protect the coastline. The name comes from the sundari trees that are common there. The Sundarbans is also a wildlife treasure. It is home to the famous Bengal tiger, along with the estuarine crocodile, Indian python, and many rare birds. This ecosystem shows how nature adapts and survives in extreme conditions.

7. The Invisible Chandipur Beach, Odisha

In Odisha, the Chandipur Beach in Balasore district plays a magical trick every day, the sea disappears and then returns! During low tide, the water retreats by 2 to 5 kilometres, making the sea vanish before your eyes. Then, during high tide, it comes back to the shore. This daily hide-and-seek is caused by natural tidal movements. Watching the sea go away and return is a unique experience and one of nature’s coolest shows.

These amazing places across India remind us that nature is full of surprises. Each one teaches us something new about the Earth, blending beauty with science, and inspiring us to protect these treasures for future generations.

Theme/ Message

• The theme of this chapter is the extraordinary beauty and mystery of nature. It highlights how different natural phenomena can amaze us and showcase the uniqueness of our planet.
• Each natural wonder described in the chapter teaches us about the importance of preserving nature. It shows that nature has incredible power and creativity.
• The message of the chapter emphasises that we should appreciate and protect our natural wonders. They are valuable parts of our world that need care and respect.
• Additionally, these wonders inspire curiosity and invite exploration. They encourage us to learn more about nature and its amazing capabilities.
• Ultimately, the chapter reminds us that there is so much beauty in our world, and we should take the time to experience and enjoy it.

Try yourself:

What is the main theme of the text?

• A.Love
• B.Adventure
• C.Friendship
• D.Courage

View Solution

Difficult Words

• Phenomena: Rare or unusual events or occurrences in nature.
• Exotic: Unusual and attractive, often from distant places.
• Botanical: Related to plants and their study.
• Innovative: Introducing new ideas or methods.
• Celestial: Related to the sky or outer space.
• Optical Illusion: A visual trick that makes something appear different from what it is.
• Bioluminescence: The ability of living organisms to produce light.
• Mangrove: A type of tree that grows in coastal areas in salty water.
• Retreat: To move back or withdraw.
• Erosion: The process by which soil and rock are worn away, often by water or wind.
• Cultural: Related to the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular group of people.
• Ecotourism: Responsible travel to natural areas, conserving the environment and improving the well-being of local people.
• Indigenous: Native to a particular place or region.

Introduction

Can a simple brush create magic? 

In “The Magic Brush”  (adapted from a folk tale), we meet Gopi, a young girl with a kind heart and a big imagination. One day, while drawing pictures in the sand, she is gifted a special paintbrush, but with one condition: she must use it only to help the poor. What follows is a thrilling story of bravery, kindness, and the triumph of good over greed. Through Gopi’s journey, the poem shows how imagination and goodness can change the world.

About the Poet

The poem is adapted from a folk tale and does not have a specific poet credited. Folk tales are stories passed down through generations, often containing lessons, morals or cultural values. This particular tale celebrates creativity, kindness, and the importance of helping others. The characters in folk tales are usually simple and relatable, allowing readers to connect with them easily. In this poem, we see the character Gopi, a young girl who possesses a magical brush that can bring her paintings to life. The story highlights the themes of generosity, the power of art, and the conflict between wealth and compassion. Folk tales like this one often teach us important lessons while entertaining us with imaginative scenarios and characters.

Key Points of the Poem

• The poem tells the story of a girl named Gopi who has a magical brush.
• Gopi is tasked with gathering food but is more interested in painting.
• A mysterious man gives her a brush that can create real objects.
• Gopi decides to use her magic for good, helping the poor villagers.
• The Zamindar, a wealthy landowner, demands that Gopi paint for him.
• Gopi refuses to paint for the rich, choosing to help the needy instead.
• She is imprisoned by the Zamindar for her refusal.
• Gopi cleverly escapes using her magic brush to paint a road and a horse.
• She outsmarts the Zamindar and his men, leading them on a wild chase.
• In the end, Gopi paints a feast for the villagers, celebrating their victory.
• The poem teaches valuable lessons about kindness and using one’s talents for good.

Try yourself:

What does Gopi use her magical brush for?

• A.To escape from prison
• B.To gather food
• C.To help poor villagers
• D.To paint for the rich

View Solution

Explanation of the Poem

Stanza 1

“Go and gather wild beans, Gopi,
Go and fetch some rice.
Go and pluck the mangoes
And bring home something nice.”

Explanation:
At the beginning of the poem, Gopi’s family gives her some tasks. She is asked to go out and collect wild beans, rice, and mangoes—some basic food items from the village or forest. The family wants her to bring back something good to eat. This shows that Gopi belongs to a simple, rural household where people gather food from nature.

Stanza 2

Gopi sits beneath the banyan,
A twig is in her hand.
She sits there drawing pictures,
Pictures in the sand.

Explanation:
Instead of doing the work she was given, Gopi sits under a big banyan tree. She holds a small twig (like a thin stick) in her hand and begins drawing pictures in the sand. This shows her love for creativity and imagination. Even though she was sent to bring food, her mind is full of dreams and drawings.

Stanza 3

The winds blow by and sweep away
The pictures in the sand.
But on a stone there sits a man,
A brush is in his hand.

Explanation:
The wind comes and wipes away Gopi’s drawings, but something magical happens. A mysterious man is sitting nearby on a stone. He holds a brush in his hand. This moment shows that something unusual or magical is about to happen in Gopi’s life.

Stanza 4

He looks around. He calls to Gopi.
“Come here!” he whispers. “Hush!
We mustn’t let the village know
About this magic brush.”

Explanation:
The man quietly calls Gopi over. He speaks in a whisper, telling her not to tell anyone else about the brush. He calls it a magic brush, which makes us wonder what powers it has. The secrecy shows that it is something very special and powerful, not for everyone to use.

Stanza 5

He slips the brush into her hand
And tells her to be sure,
“Paint not for the wealthy ones,
But only for the poor.”

Explanation:
The man hands the brush to Gopi and gives her a strong rule—she must never use it to help rich people (the wealthy), only the poor and needy. This shows that the brush is meant to bring justice and kindness, not to make greedy people richer.

Stanza 6

“Did you gather wild beans, Gopi?
Did you fetch some rice?
Did you pluck the mangoes
And bring home something nice?”

Explanation:
Gopi’s family or someone from the house asks if she collected the food they sent her for. They expect her to return with real things like beans, rice, or mangoes. They don’t know anything about the magic brush yet.

Stanza 7

“No beans, no rice, no mangoes!”
Gopi grins and runs inside.
She paints a bowl of khichdi
and waits,
Until the paint has dried

Explanation:
Gopi smiles mischievously and runs inside. She hasn’t brought any real food, but she uses her new magic brush to paint a bowl of khichdi (a rice and lentil dish). She waits for the paint to dry, showing that she trusts the brush’s powers. This is the first time we see how the brush works.

Stanza 8

“The bowl is full of khichdi, Gopi!”
Into the house the villagers streamed
The young and old all wish to see
The magic brush of dreams.

Explanation:
Amazingly, the painting turns into a real bowl of khichdi! The news spreads quickly, and many villagers come to Gopi’s house to see this “magic brush of dreams.” People of all ages are curious and amazed by what she can do. Gopi is now seen as someone special in the village.

Stanza 9

She paints a muffler for a farmer,
A plough for another man,
A shawl for a grandmother,
And for a girl, a fan.

Explanation:
Gopi uses the magic brush to help people in the village. She paints useful things like a muffler (scarf) to keep a farmer warm, a plough to help with farming, a shawl for a grandmother to stay cozy, and a fan to keep a girl cool. All these things become real, proving Gopi is generous and thoughtful.

Stanza 10

And soon the news spreads far and wide,
Through forests, fields, and plains,
Until the Zamindar himself
Hears of these magic gains.

Explanation:
As Gopi continues helping people, the story spreads to places far away. Eventually, the Zamindar (a rich landlord or ruler) hears about the magic brush. The poem now hints at a coming conflict between Gopi and someone greedy.

Stanza 11

“I order you to paint for me,
A fortress tall and grand.
Paint treasures, jewels, and riches rare,
Enough to rule this land.”

Explanation:
The Zamindar commands Gopi to paint a huge palace (fortress) and lots of jewels and riches so he can become more powerful. He only thinks about wealth and power—not about helping others.

Stanza 12

Gopi bows and shakes her head.
“My lord, I can’t comply.
I swore to use this magic brush
To help the needy by.”

Explanation:
Gopi politely refuses. She says she made a promise to only help the poor. The word “comply” means to agree or obey. Gopi is brave and sticks to her values, even when speaking to a powerful man.

Stanza 13

The Zamindar roars and stamps his foot.
He bellows to his men,
“Seize this brush and seize the girl.
Throw her in the pen!”

Explanation:
The Zamindar becomes very angry and shouts loudly (bellows). He tells his guards to take both Gopi and the brush and put her in the pen—a small, closed prison. He wants to take control by force.

Stanza 14

Now Gopi waits inside the cell,
Upon a cold mud floor.
Until the Zamindar returns
And shouts through the door.

Explanation:
Gopi is now locked in a dark and uncomfortable prison. She sits on the cold mud floor, waiting. This scene shows her difficult situation and builds suspense about what will happen next.

Stanza 15

He holds the brush. He thunders loud,
“Paint my fortress tall!
Paint gold and rubies, emeralds bright,
And you shall leave this hall!”

Explanation:
The Zamindar offers Gopi freedom—but only if she paints treasures for him. He talks about rubies and emeralds (precious stones) and a fortress, which again shows his greed.

Stanza 16

That night the Zamindar lies in bed,
Dreaming of his gold,
While Gopi paints a winding road,
A horse both strong and bold.

Explanation:
While the Zamindar sleeps, dreaming of riches, Gopi uses the brush cleverly. She paints a winding road and a strong horse—tools to help her escape from prison.

Stanza 17

The road leads out of prison gates.
The horse, she swiftly urges
Gopi leaps on and gallops fast,
Through fields and many villages.

Explanation:
The magic painting comes to life. The road opens the way out of the prison, and the horse lets Gopi escape. She rides through the countryside quickly, showing her courage and cleverness.

Stanza 18

“It’s Gopi! It’s Gopi! She’s back again!”
Say the villagers, merry and kind.
But Gopi keeps on painting still,
With the Zamindar’s men following behind.

Explanation:
The villagers are happy to see Gopi again, but she doesn’t stop—she keeps painting, as the Zamindar’s men are chasing her. The tension rises again as the story is not over yet.

Stanza 19

She paints a mighty river wide,
Its currents fast and deep.
The Zamindar and all his men
Stop short and cannot leap.

Explanation:
To block her pursuers, Gopi paints a wide, fast-flowing river. It becomes real, and the Zamindar’s men can’t cross it. This shows how she uses her wit to protect herself.

Stanza 20

“Now should I paint a beast
To leap and chase you through?
Stop this chase or it will feast
On you, and you and you!”

Explanation:
Gopi warns the Zamindar’s men that she could paint a dangerous beast to attack them. Her warning is powerful and scary. She shows that she can defend herself without hurting anyone—unless she’s forced to.

Stanza 21

The Zamindar cries, “No, no, no more!
I’ll leave, I’ll go away!”
He turns and flees; his men behind
Dare not choose to stay.

Explanation:
The Zamindar becomes scared and runs away, shouting that he gives up. His men follow him because they are too afraid to stay behind. Gopi has won without using violence—just her cleverness and courage.

Stanza 22

Now Gopi paints for the village folk,
A feast of sweets and tea.
A courtyard bright, a band to play,
And songs of victory.

Explanation:
Back in the village, Gopi paints a big celebration for everyone. She paints sweets, tea, music, and joyful things. Everyone celebrates her return and her victory. The ending is happy and festive.

Try yourself:

What is the main focus of the poem?

• A.Life lessons
• B.Friendship
• C.Love
• D.Nature

View Solution

Theme/MessageTheme

• The Power of Art: The poem emphasises how art can be magical and transformative. Gopi’s paintings come to life, showing that creativity can change the world around us.
• Helping Others: Gopi chooses to use her magic brush to help the poor villagers instead of painting for the wealthy. This highlights the importance of generosity and community.
• Bravery and Resistance: Gopi shows bravery by standing up to the Zamindar. She refuses to give in to pressure and remains committed to her promise to help those in need.
• Wealth vs. Kindness: The conflict between Gopi and the Zamindar illustrates the struggle between the rich and the poor, and how true value lies in kindness rather than wealth.

Message

• Use Your Talents Wisely: The poem encourages readers to use their skills for good. Gopi’s magic brush symbolises the power of creativity to bring joy and help others.
• Stand Up for What is Right: Gopi’s refusal to paint for the wealthy teaches us the importance of standing up for our beliefs, even in difficult situations.
• Community Matters: The joy and celebration of the villagers show that we are stronger together. Helping one another leads to happiness and unity.
• True Happiness Comes from Giving: The ending of the poem, where Gopi paints a feast for the villagers, reinforces that true happiness comes from sharing and caring for others.

Difficult Words

• Zamindar: A landowner or landlord, often with power over the village.
• Muffler: A piece of clothing worn around the neck for warmth.
• Plough: A tool used in farming to turn over soil for planting.
• Emerald: A precious green gemstone.
• Fortress: A large fortified building or military stronghold.
• Currents: The flow of water in a river or stream.
• Feast: A large meal, usually celebrating a special occasion.
• Chase: To run after someone or something.
• Grand: Magnificent or impressive in appearance or style.
• Whispers: To speak very softly.
• Grins: To smile broadly.
• Hush: To make someone be quiet.
• Gains: Acquisitions or benefits, often referring to wealth.

Introduction

In the quiet town of Idaville lived a boy named Leroy, better known as Encyclopedia Brown because of his sharp memory and vast knowledge. Though only in eighth grade, he had a special talent—he could solve mysteries that even adults found puzzling. Living with his father, the town’s Police Chief, Encyclopedia often helped crack tough cases over dinner conversations. This story takes us into one such mystery involving a dead man, a strange message with four odd words, and a long-missing set of stolen jewellery. With just one clever question, Encyclopedia sees what no one else could and reveals the hidden truth. It is a story of sharp observation, logical thinking, and how even the smallest clue can solve the biggest mystery.

About the Author

Donald J. Sobol was an American author best known for writing the Encyclopedia Brown series. He was born in 1924 and wrote many stories and books for children. His stories are famous for their mystery-solving style, where the reader is invited to think along with the detective. The Encyclopedia Brown books have inspired many young readers to think critically and observe the world.

Donald J. Sobol

Key Points of the Story

• Encyclopedia Brown is a young boy who lives in Idaville, USA, and is known for solving mysteries.
• His father, Chief Brown, is the Chief of Police, and they often discuss cases at the dinner table.
• One day, Chief Brown brings up the death of Tim Nolan, who was previously involved in a jewellery robbery.
• Tim Nolan had a partner named Daniel Davenport, who disappeared after the robbery and was suspected of hiding stolen jewellery.
• Nolan died of a stroke, and before he passed away, he wrote a will leaving everything to Davenport.
• A sheet of paper with four strange words was found attached to the will, which intrigued Chief Brown and his family.
• Encyclopedia Brown deduces that the four words are a code to reveal where the stolen jewelry is hidden.
• He realises that the words correspond to days of the week, leading him to conclude where the jewellery is located.
• The jewellery is ultimately found under a young fir tree in Nolan’s palm-tree nursery, just as Encyclopedia predicted.
• Through clever thinking and deduction, Encyclopedia helps his father solve the case, showcasing his detective skills.

Try yourself:

What was found attached to Tim Nolan’s will?

• A.Four strange words
• B.A picture of a tree
• C.A treasure map
• D.A letter from Davenport

View Solution

Detailed Summary

Encyclopedia Brown, a young boy from Idaville, lives with his parents. His father is the Chief of Police. Although Encyclopedia is only in eighth grade, he secretly helps his father solve some of the hardest cases the police face. The Brown family often discusses mysteries at the dinner table, and that’s where the boy solves them before dessert is served.

One evening, Chief Brown comes home looking worried and announces that Tim Nolan has died. Tim Nolan had once been suspected of a jewellery robbery five years ago but was never arrested because there was no proof. Chief Brown always believed that Nolan and his friend Daniel Davenport had committed the crime together.

Nolan and Davenport had met in prison and became friends. Nolan later started a palm-tree nursery in Idaville. A week before the jewellery robbery, Davenport moved in with him. During the robbery, a clerk almost identified Nolan when his mask slipped, but she wasn’t sure enough to testify. After the robbery, Davenport vanished and was never seen again.

Chief Brown says that Nolan died of a stroke. Before dying, he left a will that gave all his property, including the nursery, to Davenport. Along with the will, there was a page from a calendar that had four strange words written on it: “Nom Utes Sweden Hurts.” Chief Brown couldn’t figure out what it meant and brought it to the dinner table for discussion.

Mrs. Brown, who used to be a teacher, tried to guess the meaning of the words but couldn’t solve the puzzle. Encyclopedia read the words carefully, closed his eyes for a moment, and asked a single question: “Is there a young fir tree in Mr. Nolan’s nursery?” Chief Brown was surprised and confirmed that there was just one fir tree near the south side of the house.

Encyclopedia then explained that the four strange words stood for the first four days of the week: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday. Nolan had dropped the letters “d-a-y” from each word and rearranged the rest to form Nom, Utes, Sweden, and Hurts. That meant the next, or fifth, day was Friday—“Fir” for short.

With that final clue, Chief Brown realised that the stolen jewellery must be hidden under the fir tree. When they searched the spot, they found the missing jewels buried inside a 20-gallon jug of earth from which the tree was growing. Nolan had tried to pass the secret message to Davenport before dying, but Encyclopedia solved the case first.

The jewellery was recovered, and the mystery was finally solved, all thanks to the clever thinking of a young detective before the soup had even gone cold.

Try yourself:

What is the main purpose of a summary?

• A.To confuse the audience
• B.To provide a brief overview
• C.To entertain the reader
• D.To give detailed information

View Solution

Theme/ MessageTheme

• The theme of the story highlights the importance of intelligence and critical thinking in solving problems.
• It also emphasises the value of family discussions and how they can lead to creative ideas and solutions.
• The relationship between Encyclopedia and his father illustrates a supportive bond that encourages learning and growth.

Message

• The story conveys that anyone, regardless of age, can be smart and capable of solving complex problems.
• It teaches readers that observation and reasoning can lead to uncovering hidden truths.
• Additionally, the story shows that communication and collaboration within a family can enhance understanding and foster creativity.

Difficult Words

• Detective: A person whose job is to find out information about crimes.
• Mystery: Something that is difficult to understand or explain; a puzzle.
• Evidence: Information that helps to prove something is true or false.
• Suspicious: Having doubts about someone or something; feeling that something is wrong.
• Clipped: Cut off or removed from something.
• Deduced: To come to a conclusion based on reasoning; to figure something out.
• Code: A system of words, letters, or signs used to represent something else, often kept secret.
• Nursery: A place where plants are grown and cared for before being sold or planted.
• Stroke: A medical condition in which blood flow to the brain is interrupted, causing serious health problems.
• Will: A legal document stating how a person’s belongings should be distributed after they die.
• Robbery: The crime of taking something from someone by force or threat.
• Testify: To speak or give evidence in court.

Introduction

In the letter “To My Grandson,” Dr. Verghese Kurien—fondly known as the “Milkman of India” and the “Father of the White Revolution” in India writes to his young grandson, Siddharth. Through this heartfelt message, Kurien reflects on his life choices, his values, and the journey that led him to serve the farmers of India. He shares the importance of responsibility, hard work, and making meaningful contributions to society. This letter is more than a personal note—it is a guiding light meant to inspire not only his grandson but all young people to build a better future for India.

Key Points of the Story

• The letter is written by Dr. Verghese Kurien to his grandson Siddharth in 2005.
• He expresses how letters are more lasting and meaningful than phone conversations.
• Kurien explains his life choices and why he chose to serve India’s dairy farmers.
• He gave up attractive career options in the army, metallurgy, and foreign jobs to work in Anand, Gujarat.
• His wife supported his decision despite the hardships of village life.
• Kurien highlights the importance of values like integrity, honesty, responsibility, and service to others.
• He stresses the need to use one’s talents for the common good and help others every day.
• He explains that real failure is not trying your best, not a lack of success.
• Kurien shares life lessons about happiness, humility, and being content with what you have.
• He recalls a special moment when his grandson held his Padma Vibhushan medal, reminding him to earn his recognition through service.
• The letter ends with a beautiful wish: for Siddharth and his generation to be brave, wise, and generous, and to dedicate their lives to the greater good of the country and humanity.

Try yourself:

What did Kurien give up to work in Anand, Gujarat?

• A.A job in the army
• B.A foreign job
• C.A career in metallurgy
• D.All of the above

View Solution

Detailed Summary

This story is a real letter written by Dr. Verghese Kurien, the man who helped make India the world’s largest milk producer. He wrote it in 2005 to his grandson, Siddharth, to share his life’s experiences, thoughts, and advice. The tone is warm and loving, and his goal is to pass on wisdom that his grandson might not understand fully now, but might treasure in the future.

At the beginning of the letter, Dr. Kurien explains why writing letters is special. In today’s world, people prefer talking on the phone or using instant messaging. But he says that writing is different; it stays with us. Years later, a letter can be read again and help people understand the past better. He hopes that one day Siddharth will read this letter again and understand why his grandfather chose a life of service to farmers.

Dr. Kurien explains that when he was young, India had just become independent. Many people were trying to build a new and better nation. He too wanted to help India grow stronger and become free from poverty and hunger. Even though he could have taken other careers like becoming a general in the army, a business leader, or even going to the USA for a good life, he chose to work with dairy farmers in Anand, Gujarat. He admits this was not his original plan, but it became the most meaningful path for him.

He also writes about his wife Siddharth’s grandmother, who stood by him even when life in Anand was hard. She gave him the strength to continue his work even in difficult times. He shares that whenever he was praised or given awards for his work, he always remembered that success was possible only because of the people who supported him.

Dr. Kurien strongly believed in values, especially honesty and integrity. He says that being honest with yourself makes it easier to be honest with others. He wants Siddharth to learn that life is a great opportunity, and it should not be wasted. We must take responsibility for our actions, use our talents wisely, and help others.

He explains that failure doesn’t mean you didn’t succeed; it means you didn’t try your best or didn’t do something good for others. He advises Siddharth to look for ways to help others every day. Whether it’s a friend who needs help, a teacher who needs a volunteer, or the community needing support, small acts matter.

He also reminds Siddharth that life isn’t always perfect. Sometimes, things go wrong, and that’s okay. People often think others are happier, but that’s not always true. Everyone has problems, even if they don’t show them. So we should be thankful for what we have instead of comparing ourselves to others.

Dr. Kurien shares a personal memory when Siddharth was young and attended the ceremony where he received the Padma Vibhushan (a top award from the Indian government). Siddharth wore the medal around his neck and asked if he could keep it. Kurien told him that yes, it belonged to him too, but he should aim to earn his reward through his own good work.

Finally, Dr. Kurien ends the letter with a beautiful message: If we are loving, strong, and kind and if we believe there’s enough happiness and success for everyone, then we will have lived a good life. He dedicates the letter not only to Siddharth but to all children of the next generation, hoping they will work hard for the betterment of India and all of humanity.

Theme/Message

• Service to the Nation: A meaningful life is one lived in service to others, especially for the good of the country and its people.
• Importance of Values: Integrity, responsibility, and honesty are the foundation of a good and successful life.
• Making the Right Choices: Choosing a path of service and hard work may not be glamorous, but it is deeply rewarding.
• True Success: Awards and medals are not the real success—contributing to the common good and trying your best is what really matters.
• Contentment and Perspective: Real happiness comes from within, not from comparing ourselves with others.
• Inspiration for the Next Generation: The youth must carry forward the ideals of hard work, courage, and kindness for a better world.

Try yourself:

What is a common theme in many stories?

• A.Food
• B.Weather
• C.Adventure
• D.Colors

View Solution

Difficult Words

• Fleeting: Something that lasts for a very short time.
• Treasure: To value or keep something as very special.
• Equitable: Fair and equal for everyone.
• Envisioned: Imagined or thought of for the future.
• Privileges: Special advantages or rights.
• Contributions: Something given or done to help a cause or group.
• Integrity: Being honest and having strong moral principles.
• Humility: Not thinking you are better than others; being modest.
• Common Good: Something that helps or benefits everyone.
• Cherish: To value or hold something dear.
• Adhered: Followed or stayed loyal to.
• Modestly: In a simple or humble way.
• Rejoice: To feel or show great happiness.
• Periphery: The edge or outside part of something.
• Luminary: A person who is very important or famous in a particular field.

Introduction

Have you ever helped a stranger and felt good about it? 

In “Somebody’s Mother” by Mary Dow Brine, we read about a young boy who shows kindness to an old woman on a cold winter day.  She is alone and afraid to cross the street, but no one helps her until this kind-hearted boy stops. Through this simple and touching story, the poet reminds us that a small act of care can mean a lot, and we should treat others with the same love we would give our own family.

About the Poet

Mary Dow Brine (1816–1913) was an American poet known for writing poems with strong feelings, gentle lessons, and love for family life. Many of her poems talk about kindness, sympathy, and doing the right thing. Her most famous poem is “Somebody’s Mother,” which teaches children and adults to be caring and respectful toward the elderly, especially when they are alone and in need of help.

Mary Dow Brine

Try yourself:

What is the main theme of Mary Dow Brine’s poems?

• A.Kindness
• B.Nature
• C.History
• D.Adventure

View Solution

Key Points of the Poem

• The poem “ Somebody’s Mother” is about an old woman standing alone at a snowy street crossing.
• Many people walk by, but no one helps her.
• A group of schoolboys comes by, happy that school is over.
• Only one boy stops to help the woman cross the street safely.
• He thinks of his mother and hopes someone will help her one day, too.
• The old woman is very touched and prays for the kind boy that night.
• The poem teaches kindness, empathy, and respect for elders.

Explanation of the Poem

Stanza 1

The woman was old and ragged and grey
And bent with the chill of the Winter’s day.
The street was wet with a recent snow
And the woman’s feet were aged and slow.
She stood at the crossing and waited long,
Alone, uncared for, amid the throng

Explanation:
The poet describes an old woman who looks poor and tired. Her clothes are torn, and her hair is grey. She is feeling very cold because it’s a winter day. The road is slippery with fresh snow, and her feet move slowly. She is standing at the side of the road, waiting to cross. Many people are walking by, but no one notices or cares about her.

Stanza 2

Of human beings who passed her by
Nor heeded the glance of her anxious eyes.
Down the street, with laughter and shout,
Glad in the freedom of “school let out,”
Came the boys like a flock of sheep,
Hailing the snow piled white and deep.

Explanation:
The people who pass by do not pay attention to the old woman or see the worry in her eyes. Then, a group of schoolboys runs down the street, happy because school is over. They laugh and shout as they enjoy the snowy street. The poet compares them to a “flock of sheep” moving together, full of excitement.

Stanza 3

Past the woman so old and grey
Hastened the children on their way.
Nor offered a helping hand to her—
So meek, so timid, afraid to stir
Lest the carriage wheels or the horses’ feet
Should crowd her down in the slippery street.

Explanation:
The boys hurry past the old woman without offering help. She is gentle and shy, afraid to move. She worries that she might fall under the wheels of a carriage or get hurt by horses passing through the street. The road is slippery, and she is too scared to cross by herself.

Stanza 4

At last came one of the merry troop,
The gayest laddie of all the group;
He paused beside her and whispered low,
‘I’ll help you cross, if you wish to go.’
Her aged hand on his strong young arm
She placed, and so, without hurt or harm,

Explanation:
Finally, one of the boys, the happiest and most cheerful one, sees the old woman and stops. He gently asks if she would like help crossing the road. She places her old, weak hand on his strong, young arm. With great care, he helps her cross the street safely, showing his kindness and strength.

Stanza 5

He guided the trembling feet along,
Proud that his own were firm and strong.
Then back again to his friends he went,
His young heart happy and well content.
“She’s somebody’s mother, boys, you know,
For all she’s aged and poor and slow.”

Explanation:
The boy feels proud and happy as he helps the woman walk with her shaky steps. After guiding her across the street, he goes back to his friends. He feels good because he did something kind. He reminds his friends that the woman is someone’s mother—even if she is old and poor now, she was once loved and cared for too.

Stanza 6

“‘And I hope some fellow will lend a hand
To help my mother, you understand,”
“If ever she’s poor and old and grey,
When her own dear boy is far away.”
And “somebody’s mother” bowed low her head
In her home that night, and the prayer she said”

Explanation:
The boy says he hopes that if his mother is ever old and helpless, someone else will help her the way he helped this woman. He understands that kindness can go around what you give may come back. Later that night, the old woman bows her head in prayer at home, touched by the boy’s good deed.

Stanza 7

Was “God be kind to the noble boy,
Who is somebody’s son, and pride and joy!”

Explanation:
The old woman prays to God, asking Him to bless the kind boy who helped her. She calls him a “noble boy” because of his good heart. She knows he is someone’s son and hopes his family is proud of him. Her prayer is full of love and thankfulness.

Try yourself:

What is the main focus of the poem?

• A.Scientific discoveries
• B.Historical events
• C.Personal feelings
• D.Nature’s beauty

View Solution

Theme/Message

Theme

• Kindness to strangers: The poem shows that helping someone in need, even a stranger, is a noble act.
• Respect for the elderly: The boy treats the old woman with care, even when others ignore her.
• Empathy: The boy imagines how he’d feel if his own mother was in her place.
• Moral values: It teaches us to be good-hearted, thoughtful, and respectful in everyday life.

Message

• A small act of kindness can have a big impact.
• We should treat others the way we would want our loved ones to be treated.
• Even when others don’t care, doing the right thing matters.
• Helping others brings true happiness and inner peace.

Difficult Words

• Ragged: Torn or worn out, showing signs of age.
• Throng: A large group of people gathered together.
• Meek: Quiet, gentle, and submissive.
• Timid: Shy or lacking confidence.
• Hasten: To move or act quickly.
• Trembling: Shaking slightly, often due to fear or cold.
• Proud: Feeling deep pleasure or satisfaction from one’s own achievements.
• Content: Satisfied; feeling happy with what one has.
• Bow: To bend the upper part of the body forward as a gesture of respect.
• Prayer: A request or expression of thanks to a higher power.
• Noble: Having high moral qualities; honourable.
• Joy: A feeling of great happiness.
• Anxious: Feeling worried or nervous.
• Glance: A brief look.
• Carriage: A wheeled vehicle for people, often pulled by horses.

Introduction

This is the inspiring story of Major Somnath Sharma, the first soldier to receive the Param Vir Chakra, India’s highest military award for bravery. He showed great courage and leadership during the Battle of Badgam in 1947, when India was newly independent. Though he lost his life at just 24 years old, his heroic actions helped save the Kashmir Valley and protect India’s borders. His story teaches us about patriotism, sacrifice, and the true meaning of serving the nation.

Key Points of the Story

• Major Somnath Sharma was a brave soldier and the first person to receive the Param Vir Chakra, India’s highest military honor.
• He is remembered for his heroism during the battle in the Kashmir Valley on November 3, 1947, while defending the Srinagar airport.
• In August 1947, Pakistan planned to take over Kashmir through a military operation called Operation Gulmarg, which was against an agreement with the local king.
• The Pakistani army trained a large number of fighters to invade Kashmir and capture important areas, including the Srinagar airport.
• On October 27, 1947, Indian troops were sent to protect Kashmir, and Major Somnath Sharma’s company flew in to help defend the area.
• Despite being injured and having only 90 men, Major Somnath led his soldiers against about 500 enemy fighters.
• During the battle, Major Somnath called for air support and bravely directed his men, even as they faced heavy enemy fire.
• He encouraged his soldiers to continue fighting, stating he would not retreat and would fight to the last man and the last bullet.
• Major Somnath Sharma was killed in battle, but his leadership inspired his men to hold their position for hours, allowing reinforcements to arrive.
• His actions during the battle ultimately saved Srinagar from being taken by enemy forces, earning him recognition and honour posthumously.

Try yourself:

What was Major Somnath Sharma known for during the battle?

• A.He called for peace talks
• B.He retreated quickly
• C.He encouraged his soldiers to fight
• D.He was afraid of the enemy

View Solution

Detailed Summary

In 1947, just after India gained independence, a serious threat came from Pakistan. A secret plan called Operation Gulmarg was started to take over Kashmir. Pakistani soldiers trained many invaders and sent them to secretly enter Kashmir, hoping to capture important places like the Srinagar airport. On 26 October 1947, Kashmir joined India, and the Indian Army was sent the next day to protect the region.

Since the road to Kashmir was damaged, Indian soldiers had to be flown to Srinagar. Among them was Major Somnath Sharma, who led D Company of the 4th Kumaon Regiment. Even though his left arm was in plaster, he insisted on going with his men. He said, “If they are going into action, they are not going in without me.”  This showed his deep love and duty towards his soldiers.

The village of Badgam, near Srinagar airport, was at a higher place and very important. Indian troops were sent to check the area because of reports of enemy movement. On 3 November 1947, Major Somnath’s company was the last to remain in the area after others returned. Suddenly, around 500 enemy fighters attacked his group of just 90 soldiers.

At first, the attack looked small, but Major Somnath realised it was just a trick. Soon, a bigger attack came from another direction. Even though they were outnumbered, he stayed calm. He quickly sent a message asking for air support and laid out special ground signs to guide the fighter planes to the enemy.

As the battle grew intense, Major Somnath moved bravely through gunfire. He filled magazines, guided his soldiers, and never stopped encouraging them. Even though he was hurt, he kept fighting. When they began running out of ammunition, his seniors asked him to fall back, but he refused. His final words were, “The enemy is only 50 yards from us… I shall not withdraw an inch but will fight to the last man and the last round.”

While helping a machine gunner in a trench, a mortar shell exploded and killed him instantly. His soldiers were shocked, but his bravery gave them the strength to keep fighting for over six more hours. Their fight slowed down the enemy, which allowed Indian reinforcements to arrive and protect the Srinagar airport.

Thanks to the bravery of Major Somnath and his men, the enemy lost over 300 fighters, and Srinagar was saved. For their sacrifice, the 4 Kumaon Regiment was given the Battle Honour. Major Somnath Sharma was only 24 years old when he died, but he showed the courage of a true hero.

Before this war, Major Somnath had already served in the Second World War in Burma and was known for his bravery. He was born on 31 January 1923 in Dadh, Himachal Pradesh, into a family with a military background. His father was a Major General, and his grandfather taught him stories of heroes from the Mahabharata.

He studied at Sherwood College, Nainital, and trained at the Royal Military College in Sandhurst. He was commissioned in 1942 and served in the 19th Hyderabad Regiment. Though he died young, his life was full of honour, discipline, and courage. The battle of Badgam made him a symbol of bravery for all Indians.

Today, Major Somnath Sharma’s name is written with pride at the National War Memorial. His story continues to inspire soldiers and citizens, reminding us of the price of freedom and the spirit of those who protect our nation. His sacrifice will never be forgotten.

Try yourself:

What do bees make from nectar?

• A.Honey
• B.Wax
• C.Sugar
• D.Pollen

View Solution

Theme/Message

• The theme of bravery and sacrifice is central to Major Somnath Sharma’s story. His willingness to fight against overwhelming odds showcases true courage.
• The story emphasises the importance of duty and loyalty to one’s country. Major Somnath’s commitment to his men and nation is an inspiring example for everyone.
• The message of the story is that even in the face of danger, standing firm for what is right and protecting others is what true heroism looks like.
• Major Somnath Sharma’s legacy teaches us that selflessness and dedication to one’s duty can make a significant impact, even if it comes with great personal cost.

Difficult Words

• Valiant: Brave and courageous.
• Beacons: Signals of light guiding people; in this case, inspiration.
• Guerrilla: A member of a small group that fights against a larger force, often in surprise attacks.
• Infiltrators: People who enter a place secretly to gather information or take control.
• Contingent: A group of people representing a larger organisation.
• Aerial: Related to the air, often referring to aircraft or flying.
• Reinforcements: Additional support or help, usually in a military context.
• Courage: The ability to face fear or pain bravely.
• Devastating: Causing severe damage or destruction.
• Posthumously: Awarded or recognised after someone has died.
• Legacy: Something handed down from one generation to another; in this case, Major Somnath’s impact on future generations.
• Integrity: The quality of being honest and having strong moral principles.
• Patriotism: Love for one’s country and willingness to defend it.
• Strategic: Carefully planned to achieve a specific goal.
• Honour: Great respect or esteem; in this case, awarded for bravery in military service.

Key Points of the Story

• Four young men—Ram Datt, Shiv Datt, Har Datt, and Dev Datt—travel along a dusty road to Ujjain, determined to find work despite their exhaustion after ten days of travel.
• They discuss their hope of securing an audience with the King of Ujjain, believing he will recognize their talents and offer them employment.
• While walking, they notice fresh camel tracks and decide to rest under a tree to share their observations about the tracks.
• A distressed merchant approaches, seeking his lost camel. The young men surprise him by describing its characteristics—lame in one leg, blind in the right eye, short-tailed, and suffering from stomach pain—despite not having seen it.
• The merchant, suspicious of their knowledge, accuses them of stealing his camel and insists they face the King.
• In the King’s court, the merchant presents his accusations, claiming the young men are thieves due to their detailed knowledge of the camel.
• The King questions each young man, who explains their observations logically: Ram Datt notes the camel’s limp from uneven tracks, Shiv Datt deduces blindness from untouched foliage, Har Datt infers a short tail from blood droplets, and Dev Datt identifies stomach pain from cautious hind leg prints.
• Impressed by their reasoning, the King dismisses the merchant’s accusations, declaring the young men wise rather than guilty.
• The King offers the four men positions as his advisers, recognizing their intelligence and observational skills.
• The young men gratefully accept, achieving not only employment but also a prestigious role in the King’s court.

Detailed Summary

Setting and Characters: The story is set on a dusty road leading to the city of Ujjain. It follows four young men—Ram Datt, Shiv Datt, Har Datt, and Dev Datt—who are traveling to find jobs. They are tired but determined to reach Ujjain, hoping to impress the King with their talents. Other important characters include a merchant who loses his camel and the wise King of Ujjain.

Scene 1: The Road to Ujjain
The story begins with the four young men walking toward Ujjain under the hot sun. They’ve been traveling for ten days and are starting to feel tired and worried about finding work. Ram Datt hopes they can meet the King of Ujjain, believing he will see their skills and give them jobs. Har Datt says meeting the King won’t be easy, and they need a plan. Dev Datt suggests they reach the city first and then decide what to do.

As they walk, they notice fresh camel tracks on the road. They carefully study the tracks and each man notices something special about them. They don’t say much but agree to discuss their findings later. Suddenly, a merchant runs toward them, looking upset. He asks if they’ve seen his lost camel. The young men surprise him by describing the camel perfectly:

• Ram Datt says it’s lame (limps) in one leg.
• Shiv Datt says it’s blind in the right eye.
• Har Datt says it has a short tail.
• Dev Datt says it has a stomachache.

The merchant is shocked because their descriptions match his camel exactly. But when the young men say they haven’t seen the camel, the merchant gets angry. He thinks they’re lying and accuses them of stealing his camel. He insists they go to the King to settle the matter. The young men agree calmly and follow him to the city.

Scene 2: The King’s Court
The group arrives at the King’s grand court, which is decorated with beautiful curtains and tall pillars. The merchant tells the King that the young men know too much about his camel, so they must have stolen it. The King listens carefully and asks each young man to explain how they knew these details about the camel.

• Ram Datt explains he saw uneven footprints—one was faint, showing the camel limped on one leg.
• Shiv Datt says he noticed the camel ate leaves only on the left side of the road, meaning it couldn’t see with its right eye.
• Har Datt found small drops of blood on the road, likely from mosquito bites, which meant the camel had a short tail that couldn’t swat the mosquitoes away.
• Dev Datt noticed the camel’s front footprints were deep, but the back ones were faint, showing it walked carefully because of stomach pain.

The King is amazed by their smart observations and clear thinking. He realizes they didn’t steal the camel—they just used their intelligence to understand the tracks. He tells the merchant his accusations are wrong and sends him away to keep looking for his camel. The merchant leaves, feeling embarrassed.

Impressed by the young men’s wisdom, the King offers them jobs as his advisers. He says their cleverness will help guide his kingdom. The young men are thrilled and humbly accept the offer. The court cheers as the King welcomes his new advisers. The story ends with the young men achieving their dream of finding meaningful work, all because of their sharp minds and teamwork.

Theme/ MessageTheme

• The theme of wisdom and observation is central to the story. It shows how careful observation can lead to understanding and insight, which is more important than mere luck.
• The story emphasizes the importance of honesty and integrity. The young men, despite being wrongfully accused, remain truthful and calm, which ultimately leads to their success.
• The value of teamwork and collaboration is also a key theme. The four friends work together and support each other, demonstrating the strength of friendship and unity.

Message

• The story teaches us that wisdom comes from careful observation and thinking critically about what we see. It highlights that sometimes, what appears to be obvious may not be the whole truth.
• It also conveys the message that integrity and honesty are essential virtues. Even when faced with challenges or accusations, staying true to oneself is crucial.
• Lastly, the story reminds us that working together with friends can lead to great achievements. Supporting one another can help overcome obstacles and reach our goals.

Difficult Words

• Grievance: A complaint or a feeling of having been treated unfairly.
• Accuse: To say that someone has done something wrong or illegal.
• Resolve: To decide firmly on a course of action.
• Deduce: To reach a conclusion based on reasoning and evidence.
• Intimidated: Feeling frightened or nervous about something or someone.
• Observation: The act of watching carefully to learn something.
• Insight: The ability to understand something clearly and deeply.
• Chastened: Made to feel sorry or embarrassed, often after doing something wrong.
• Regal: Suitable for a king; royal or majestic.
• Counsel: Advice or guidance, especially in legal or serious matters.
• Impress: To make someone feel admiration or respect.
• Integrity: The quality of being honest and having strong moral principles.
• Distressed: Very upset or worried about something.
• Burdened: Weighed down by a heavy load or problem.
• Accomplished: Highly skilled or successful in a particular area.

Introduction.                                                          Can a garden made of stones be beautiful?
In “A Concrete Example” by Reginald Arkell, we meet Mrs. Jones, a cheerful gardener who proudly tends to her unusual stone garden filled with tiny, delicate plants. With gentle humor and sharp observation, the poet invites us to see the world through a different lens—one where even the smallest flower or a funny misunderstanding can reveal beauty, joy, and wisdom.

 About the Poet

Reginald Arkell was a British writer and poet best known for his light verse, humor, and works related to gardening and rural life. He wrote novels, plays, and poetry that often blended wit with gentle observation of everyday life. His most famous work is Old Herbaceous, a charming novel about a gardener’s life, which reflects his deep love for nature and gardens. Arkell’s poetry, like “A Concrete Example,” showcases his playful style and ability to find beauty and humor in simple things.

Reginald Arkell 

Try yourself:What is Reginald Arkell best known for?A.GardeningB.NovelsC.PlaysD.Light verseView SolutionKey Points of the Poem

• The poem, “A Concrete Example,” is written by Reginald Arkell and consists of three stanzas, each with six lines.
• It maintains a playful and gently ironic tone, fitting the theme of Wit and Wisdom.
• The poem describes the unique garden of Mrs. Jones, the speaker’s neighbor, which is filled with stones and tiny plants.
• Mrs. Jones is portrayed as an enthusiastic gardener who takes pride in her stone garden’s features, such as a path, pond, rockery, and sundial.
• The speaker is amused by the tiny plants, wondering how they are planted in such small spaces.
• A humorous and ironic moment occurs when the speaker, while admiring a flower, accidentally steps on it.
• The poem explores themes of human quirks, perception, joy of gardening, connection with nature, and humor in mistakes.

Explanation of the Poem

Stanza 1

“My next-door neighbour, Mrs. Jones,
has got a garden full of stones:
A crazy path, a lily pond,
a rockery and, just beyond
A sundial with a strange device,
which Mrs. Jones thinks rather nice.”

Explanation: In this stanza, the poet introduces us to Mrs. Jones, who lives next door. She has a very unique garden. Instead of flowers and grass, her garden is filled with stones. This makes her garden look different and special. The poet describes her garden as having a “crazy path,” which means the path is not straight and might twist and turn. There is also a “lily pond,” where we can imagine pretty water flowers called lilies. A “rockery” is a special place in the garden where stones are placed beautifully, and it looks nice. Beyond that, Mrs. Jones has something called a “sundial,” which is a tool that tells the time using the sun. The poet mentions that the sundial has a “strange device,” which means it looks unusual or different. Mrs. Jones thinks her garden is lovely, and she takes pride in it. This stanza helps us see how gardens can be different and that people can like different things.

Stanza 2

“My next-door neighbour, Mrs. Jones,
puts little plants between the stones.
They are so delicate and small,
they don’t mean anything at all.
I can’t think how she gets them in,
unless she plants them with a pin.”

In this stanza, the poet tells us more about Mrs. Jones’s garden. He observes that she doesn’t just have stones; she also has tiny plants growing between the stones. These plants are described as “delicate and small,” which means they are very tiny and gentle. The poet feels that these tiny plants are not very important or do not mean much, like they are too small to matter. He wonders how Mrs. Jones manages to plant them in such tight spaces between the stones. This thought is so funny and surprising to him that he imagines she must use a little pin, like a tiny needle, to help her plant them. This shows how special Mrs. Jones’s garden is, and it makes us think about how people can do amazing things to care for their gardens, even if it seems difficult.

Try yourself:What does Mrs. Jones have in her garden besides stones?A.Tiny plantsB.TreesC.FlowersD.VegetablesView Solution

Stanza 3

“My next-door neighbour, Mrs. Jones,
once asked me round to see her stones.
We stood and talked about a flower
for quite a quarter of an hour.
‘Where is this lovely thing?’ I cried.
‘You’re standing on it,’ she replied.”

Sundial

In this stanza, the poet shares a memory of when Mrs. Jones invited him to see her garden. He was excited to visit and talk about the plants. They spent a long time, which is “a quarter of an hour,” or fifteen minutes, talking about a flower. The poet is curious and asks her where this beautiful flower is because he cannot see it. Mrs. Jones gives a surprising answer; she says he is standing on it! This means that the flower is very small and hard to see, maybe one of those tiny plants mentioned earlier. This shows how sometimes we might overlook things that are right in front of us. It also highlights the special bond between the poet and Mrs. Jones, as they enjoy talking about her garden, even if it is a bit different from what most people expect. 

Theme/ MessageTheme

• The joy of gardening: The poem celebrates the simple pleasures found in gardening, showing how it can bring joy and beauty to everyday life.
• Perception vs. reality: There is a humorous contrast between how the speaker sees Mrs. Jones’ garden and how she perceives it. This theme suggests that beauty can be subjective.
• Connection with nature: The poem emphasizes the importance of connecting with nature and finding happiness in small, everyday moments.

Message

• Beauty is everywhere: The poem conveys the message that beauty can be found in unexpected places, even in a garden full of stones.
• Encouragement to appreciate the little things: Arkell encourages readers to take a moment to appreciate the small details in life, as they can hold great significance.
• Humor in daily life: The lighthearted tone of the poem reminds us to find humor in our daily experiences, especially in our interactions with others

Difficult Words

• Concrete: Something that is real or solid, not abstract.
• Whimsical: Playful or fanciful, often in an amusing way.
• Quirk: A peculiar behavior or characteristic.
• Delicate: Something very fine and easily damaged.
• Significance: The importance or meaning of something.
• Perception: The way something is understood or interpreted.
• Enthusiastic: Showing intense and eager enjoyment or interest.
• Humorous: Funny or making you laugh.
• Charming: Delightful or pleasant.
• Engaging: Attracting interest or attention.
• Exploration: The act of investigating or examining something.
• Ordinary: Common or usual, not special.
• Delight: Great pleasure or joy.
• Essence: The basic nature or most important quality of something.
• Interaction: Communication or direct involvement with someone or something.

Introduction

In the heart of South India once stood a mighty empire—Vijayanagara—renowned for its splendor, strength, and unmatched cultural richness. At its helm was Krishnadeva Raya, a legendary ruler whose reign is celebrated as the Golden Era of the empire. Among his court’s brightest stars was the witty and wise Tenali Ramakrishna, whose cleverness won hearts and solved problems that even kings couldn’t untangle.

This story brings to life a heartwarming episode from Krishnadeva Raya’s court—where a simple yawn, a misunderstood poem, and a clever plan weave together to teach timeless lessons about communication, pride, and the power of wit.

Key Points of the Story

• The Vijayanagara Empire was a powerful kingdom known for its wealth and culture.
• King Krishnadeva Raya ruled from 1509 to 1529 and is remembered as a wise and strong king.
• His reign is often called the Golden Era because art, literature, and architecture flourished during this time.
• Krishnadeva Raya was not only a warrior but also a patron of learning and a talented poet.
• The king’s court had eight famous poets known as the Ashtadiggajas, including Allasani Peddana and Tenali Ramakrishna.
• Tenali Ramakrishna was known for his cleverness and humor, making him a favorite in the king’s court.
• The king had a disagreement with his queen, Thirumalambal, which caused a rift between them.
• After weeks of silence, the queen sought help from Tenali Ramakrishna to mend their relationship

• The queen explained how a misunderstanding occurred when the king thought she disrespected his poem by yawning.
• Rama agreed to help and planned a clever way to resolve the conflict.
• During a court meeting, Rama presented a new type of paddy seed that would yield three times more than normal seeds.
• Some courtiers mocked Rama, but he cleverly turned the conversation around to the importance of care in planting seeds.
• Rama made the king realize that yawning was a natural action and not a sign of disrespect.
• The king understood his mistake and apologized to the queen, which restored their bond.
• Rama was rewarded by the royal couple for his wise intervention, and happiness returned to the palace.

Try yourself:Who helped the queen mend her relationship with the king?            A.Krishnadeva Raya.                                      B.Tenali Ramakrishna.                                           C.A courtier.                                                  D.Allasani Peddana.  

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Detailed Summary.                   The Vijayanagara Empire was a grand kingdom famous for its wealth, art, and culture. King Krishnadeva Raya, who ruled from 1509 to 1529, was a wise and kind leader. His time as king was called the Golden Era because the empire grew in art, literature, and architecture during this time.

Krishnadeva Raya was a strong fighter and a talented poet. He wrote famous works like Amuktamalyada and Jambavati Parinayam. He loved learning and supported eight great poets in his court, called the Ashtadiggajas. Two of them were Allasani Peddana and Tenali Ramakrishna. Tenali was special because he was not only a poet but also very clever and funny. He solved tough problems with his smart ideas, making him a favorite in the kingdom.

One day, the king got upset with his queen, Thirumalambal, over a small issue. He wrote a poem about the sun, moon, and stars, but it was hard to understand. When he shared it with his ministers, they made excuses to avoid him. Later, he recited it to the queen, but she was tired and yawned several times. The king thought she was being rude, got angry, and stopped talking to her or visiting her. The palace became quiet and sad.

The queen was very upset and tried to fix things, but nothing worked. So, she asked Tenali Ramakrishna for help. She explained how the king got mad because she yawned during his poem. Tenali listened carefully and promised to try his best, but said he needed time to plan.

The next day, the royal court was busy with ministers and scholars talking about how to grow better crops. The king was still upset, and everyone could feel the tension. Ministers suggested ideas like better water systems or manure. Tenali stood quietly, smiling, until the king called him.

Tenali walked to the throne with a plate of paddy seeds and said, “Your Majesty, these seeds can give three times more crops!” The court whispered and laughed. Some made fun, saying the seeds must be magical or from the moon. The king thought it sounded silly and said growing such crops would need special soil and protection from pests.

Tenali stayed calm and said the problem wasn’t the seeds but the person planting them. He explained that if someone yawns while planting, the seeds would scatter badly. The court burst into laughter, and even the king yawned without thinking. Tenali added, “Everyone yawns, Your Majesty. It’s as normal as breathing.”

The king realized he had been unfair to the queen. He remembered how he got mad when she yawned during his poem. Feeling sorry, he went to her that evening and said, “Thirumalambal, I was wrong to get angry. My pride got in the way. I’m sorry.” The queen smiled and said she wanted to hear his poem and move on.

Thanks to Tenali’s clever plan, the king and queen made up. They gave him valuable gifts for his help. The palace became happy again, filled with joy and laughter.

Theme/ Message

• The main theme of the story is the importance of communication and understanding in relationships. Misunderstandings can lead to conflicts, but with patience and cleverness, they can be resolved.
• Another key message is that pride can blind people to the truth. The king’s pride prevented him from seeing that the queen’s yawn was not meant to be disrespectful.
• The story also highlights the value of wisdom and humor in resolving problems. Tenali Ramakrishna used his wit to bring the king and queen back together.
• Lastly, it teaches that it is important to consider other people’s feelings and actions before jumping to conclusions.

Difficult Words

• Vijayanagara: A historical empire in South India known for its rich culture and achievements.
• Patron: A person who supports or helps someone, especially in arts or education.
• Flourished: To grow or develop in a healthy way, especially in culture or arts.
• Epic: A long poem that tells the story of heroic deeds and events.
• Quarrel: A disagreement or fight between people.
• Disrespect: Lack of respect or courtesy towards someone.
• Intervention: The action of getting involved in a situation to help or change it.
• Exquisite: Extremely beautiful and delicate.
• Yield: To produce or provide something, especially crops.
• Mocked: To make fun of someone or something in a cruel way.
• Stern: Serious and strict in manner or appearance.
• Mend: To repair or fix a broken relationship or situation.
• Amusement: A feeling of enjoyment or fun.
• Regret: A feeling of sadness or disappointment over something that has happened.
• Bond: A strong connection or relationship between people.