SST ( Political science ) for Class 10 (Democratic Politics – || ) Worksheet Solutions

Q1: Which one of the following is an example of outcomes of a democracy that produces an accountable government?
(a) Open to public debates on major policies and legislation
(b) Open in promoting economic development
(c) Open in reducing economic inequalities
(d) Open to rulers elected by the people
Ans: (a) 

Q2: Which one of the following is the most popular form of government in the contemporary world?
(a) Dictatorship
(b) Monarchy
(c) Military rule
(d) Democracy
Ans: (d) Democracy

Q3: Which one of the following features is common to most of the democracies?
(a) They have formal Constitution
(b) They hold regular elections
(c) They have political parties
(d) All of the above
Ans: (d) All of the above

Q4: In which one of the following countries is democracy not preferred over dictatorship?
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Pakistan
(c) Sri Lanka
(d) India
Ans: (b) Pakistan

Q5: Which one of the following is not the way to resolve a conflict in a democracy?
(a) Mass mobilisation
(b) Using Parliament
(c) Doing justice
(d) Armed revolution
Ans: (d) Armed revolution

Q6: ‘Equal treatment of women’ is a necessary ingredient of a democratic society. This means that:
(a) women are actually always treated with respect.
(b) it is now easier for women to legally wage struggle for their rights.
(c) most societies across the world are now increasingly women dominated.
(d) women are now treated as equals in the political arena.
Ans: (b) it is now easier for women to legally wage struggle for their rights.

Q7: Democratic government is better than non-democratic because
(a) it is a legitimate form of government.
(b) overwhelming support for the idea all over the world.
(c) it leads to a just distribution of goods and opportunities.
(d) it ensures faster economic growth.
Ans: (a)

Q8: Consider the following statements. Which of these do not hold true for non-democratic regimes?
(a) These do not have to bother about public opinion.
(b) These take less time at arriving at a decision.
(c) Principle of individual dignity has legal force.
(d) These often suppress internal social differences.
Ans: (c) 

Q9: In a democracy, a citizen has the right and means to examine the process of decision¬making: This is known as
(a) Dictatorship
(b) Transparency
(c) Legitimacy
(d) Equality
Ans:(b)

Q10: To measure democracies on the basis of expected outcomes, which of the following practices and institutions would one look for?
(a) Regular, free and fair elections
(b) Open public debate on major policies
(c) Citizens’ right to information about the government
(d) All of the above
Ans: (d)

Very Short Answer Type Questions
Q1: Which forms of government is responsible towards public welfare.
Ans: Democracy

Q2: The most important outcome of democracy is being a _______________
Ans: Accountable and Responsive government

Q3: Democracy is based on the idea of _____________
Ans: Deliberation and negotiation

Q4: In a democratic government, a citizen has the right and the means to examine the decisions taken by the govt. It is known as _________
Ans: Transparency

Q5: “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.” is said by……….
Ans: Abraham Lincoln

Q6: Which country in South Asia does not prefer democracy over dictatorship?
Ans: Pakistan

Q7: What is the government ruled by a King called?
Ans: Monarchy.

Q8: When was democracy introduced in India?
Ans: 1950.

Q: Studies on political and social inequalities in democracy show that :
(i) Democracy and development go together.
(ii) Inequalities exist in democracies.
(iii) Inequalities do not exist under dictatorship.
(iv) Dictatorship is better than democracy.
Ans: (i) Democracy and development go together.

Q9: Correct the following statement and rewrite: Democracy remains democracy only as long as some citizens have on opportunity to enjoy economic and political power at some point of time.
Ans: Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has opportunities to contest elections and to develop his/her economic condition.

Q10: Do economic inequalities exist in a democratic system ? Explain the extent of such inequalities.
Ans: Yes, economic inequalities can exist in a democratic system. There is a gap between various Social groups. Few rich people have the majority share of wealth and a large section is deprived and poor.

Q11: What are the conditions under which demo-cracies accommodate social diversities?
Ans: Democracy accommodates social diversity as it allows for equal and fair representation to all irrespective of caste, creed, colour, gender, language, race or religion. It also ensures that the government should not be formed just by the majority, but it should also have the representation of minorities and the will of the few should not be imposed on many.

Assertion and Reason Type Questions
Q1: In the questions given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the correct code.
Assertion (A): Democracies are based on political equality.
Reason (R): All individuals have equal weight in electing representatives.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of (a)
(c) A is correct but R is wrong.
(d) A is wrong but R is correct
Ans: A

Q2: Assertion (A): Non-democratic regimes often turn a blind eye to or suppress internal social differences.
Reason (R): They accommodate various social divisions.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of (a)
(c) A is correct but R is wrong.
(d) A is wrong but R is correct
Ans: B

Q3: Assertion (A) Democracy transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a citizen.
Reason (R) Most individuals believe that their vote makes a difference to the way the governments run and to their own self-interest
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of (a)
(c) A is correct but R is wrong.
(d) A is wrong but R is correct
Ans: A

Short Answer Type Questions
Q4: What are the reasons for which democracy should be supported ?
Ans: The reasons for which democracy should be supported are as follows :
(i) It promotes equality among citizens.
(ii) It helps in improving the dignity of an individual.
(iii) It helps in improving the quality of decision making.
(iv) It offers a way for resolving conflicts.
(v) It gives chances for rectifying mistakes.

Q5: Is democracy better than dictatorship ? Explain how.
Ans: Yes, democracy is better than dictatorship due to the following reasons :
(i) It promotes equality among citizens.
(ii) It helps in improving the dignity of an individual.
(iii) It helps in improving the quality of decision making.
(iv) It offers a way for resolving conflicts.
(iv) It gives chances for rectifying mistakes.
(vi) It offers equal status for women and the discriminated sections of the society.

Q6: Democracy accommodates social diversities. Support the statement with arguments.
Ans: Social differences exist in all societies but democracy accommodates social diversities because it gives equal rights and liberties to the people with diverse backgrounds. It also promotes healthy competition. Thus, it reduces the chances of any bloody conflict or tension between diverse social backgrounds. Moreover, it also helps in promoting dignity of an individual, respect for women and equal rights for discriminated sections of the society and make a harmonious society.

Q7: How democracy accommodates social diversity?
Ans: 1. It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion. The majority always needs to work with the minority so that governments function to represent the general view.
2. It is also necessary that rule by majority does not become rule by majority community. In terms of religion, or race or linguistics groups. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons or groups may and can form a majority.
3. Democracy remains a democracy only as long as every citizen has a choice of living in majority, at some point of time.

Q8: Does democracy ensure dignity and freedom of an individual ? Explain how.
Ans: Yes, democracy ensures dignity and freedom of an individual. Inequal treatment of individuals is a source of conflict. The respect for an individuals’ freedom is the basis of democracy. Democracy ensures equal relationship between individuals without any chance for subordination or domination.

Q9: Is it right to say that democracies are not very successful in reducing economic inequalities ?
Ans: No, it is not right to say that democracies are not very successful in reducing economic inequalities. However, it has a slow procedure. In every society, wealth is accumulated within the hands of a few rich people, while most people are poor and deprived. However, democracy aims at minimising this gap by offering opportunities for upliftment of economically weaker sections of the society.

Q10: How can democratic reforms be carried out by movements?
Ans: The Democratic reforms can be carried out by various movements like party movements or an unofficial uprising of people, candle marches, boycott or other movements by NGOS, political activists, not-for-profit organisations or simply a group of citizens.

Q11: Explain how transparency is ensured in a democratic system.
Ans: Transparency is ensured in a democratic system by offering Right to Information (RTI) and E-governance to the citizens, through which they can examine the process of decision making.

Q12: How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government?
Ans:
1. Democracy is a form of govt. in which people rule themselves through the representatives who are elected by them.
2. The elected members from the govt. and make policies and run the administration of the country.
3. The govt. elected by the people is also accountable to them.

Q13: List the various aspects and qualifications which help in giving a clear definition of democracy.
Ans:
1. The rulers elected by the people must take all the major decisions
2. Elections must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the existing rulers.
3. Choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal basis
4. Besides political rights, some social and economic rights are offered to the citizens by the democracy.
5. Power sharing is the spirit of democracy and is necessary between government and social groups in a democracy.

Q14: “Democratic governments are better than its alternatives”. Explain the statement?
Ans:

1. Democratic government is a legitimate government
2. It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean. But it is the people’s own govt.
3. There is overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world; in countries with democratic regimes as well as countries without democratic regimes.

Q15: How democracy accommodates social diversity?
Ans:
1. It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion. The majority always needs to work with the minority so that governments function to represent the general view.
2. It is also necessary that rule by majority does not become rule by majority community. In terms of religion, or race or linguistics groups. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons or groups may and can form a majority.
3. Democracy remains a democracy only as long as every citizen has a choice of living in majority, at some point of time.

Long Answer Type Questions
Q1: “Democracy stands much superior in promoting dignity and freedom of the citizens.” Justify the statement.
Ans: ‘Democracy stands much superior in promoting dignity and freedom of the citizens.’ The statement is true. Respect from the fellow being is desired by everyone. Democracy ensures freedom and respect for every citizen. The democratic system offers political equality for all regardless of their caste, gender, class, race, colour or creed. In a democracy people are free to express themselves. The people elect their representatives based on their choices and are free to change the rule in case of dissatisfaction. Democracy ensures equal rights for women and offer many privileges for them in the form of welfare programmes and reservations. Attempts are also made to bring the deprived and discriminated sections of the society into mainstream by offering them with special privileges, welfare schemes and reservations. However, dignity and freedom of the citizens is ignored in other forms of government and decisions are imposed on to them without any room for change or rectification.

Q2: How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government? Discuss by giving five reasons.*
Ans:  Democracy produces an accountable, responsive and legitimate government. Following are the reasons for it:
(i) In democracy, citizens have the right to elect their representatives and participate in the decision making process. Thus, democratic government is accountable to the people. Failure to fulfil their demands means losing their support.
(ii) There are norms and procedures which need to be followed while decision-making. The citizens also get the right to examine the process of decision making, i.e., there is transparency in the system.
(iii) A democratic government pays attention to the needs and demands of the people. Hence, it is responsive to the people.
(iv) Free and fair elections are held regularly. Open debates are conducted on major policies and legislations and the people also get Right to Information (RTI) to view the working of the government.
(v) It is a legitimate form of government. The decision-making procedure may be a slow procedure but the decision is acceptable by all. Hence, it is a legitimate form of government. Though, corruption might influence democracy and their might be delay in the system. Yet, it is people’s own government and people trust that the system will provide them with justice.

Q1: How many parties are registered with the Election Commission of India?
(a) 250
(b) 300
(c) 500
(d) More than 750
Ans: (d)
There are a large number of political parties in each country. More than 750 parties are registered with the Election Commission of India.

Q2: What is a signed document submitted to an officer regarding her personal information?
(a) Affidavit
(b) Declaration
(c) Agreement
(d) Appeal
Ans: (a)
An affidavit is a signed document submitted to an officer, where a person makes a sworn statement regarding her personal information.

Q3: Which of these statements is incorrect about CPI (M)?
(a) Supports socialism, secularism and democracy
(b) Opposes imperialism and communalism
(c) Wants to secure socio-economic justice in India
(d) None of the above
Ans: (d) 
CPI(M) supports socialism, secularism and democracy and opposes imperialism and communalism. Accepts democratic elections as a useful and helpful means for securing the objective of socio- economic justice in India.

Q4: Who chooses the candidates for contesting elections in India?
(a) Members and supporters of the party
(b) Top party leadership
(c) The existing government
(d) None of these
Ans: (b)
In other countries like India, top party leaders choose candidates for contesting elections.

Q5: When and under whose leadership was Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) formed?
(a) 1982, Mayawati
(b) 1984, Kanshi Ram
(c) 1985, Mulayam Singh Yadav
(d) 1986, Bhajanlal
Ans: (b) 1984, Kanshi Ram
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram. Seeks to represent and secure power for the bahujan samaj which includes the dalits, adivasis, OBCs and religious minorities.

Q6: When was the BJP founded?
(a) 1960
(b) 1970
(c) 1980
(d) 1990
Ans: (c)
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) was founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh.

Q7: How many recognised national parties were there in 2006?
(a) 5
(b) 6
(c) 7
(d) 8
Ans: (b)
According to the classification, there were six national recognised parties in the country in 2006

Q8: What are the parties which are given the special privilege of ‘election symbol’ and other facilities?
(a) ‘Identified’ by the Election Commission
(b) ‘Recognised’ by the Election Commission
(c) ‘Patronised’ by the Election Commission
(d) ‘Attached’ by the Election Commission
Ans: (b)
Parties that get this privilege and some other special facilities are ‘recognised’ by the Election Commission for this purpose. That’s why these parties are called, ‘recognised political parties’.

Q 9: Which of these alliances were there in 2004 parliamentary elections in India?
(a) National Democratic Alliance
(b) The United Progressive Alliance
(c) Left Front
(d) All the above
Ans: (d)
In India there were three such major alliances in 2004 parliamentary elections– the National Democratic Alliance, the United Progressive Alliance and the Left Front.

Q10: Which of these is not a good option for a democratic state?
(a) One-party system
(b) Two-party system
(c) Multi-party system
(d) None of the above
Ans: (a)
We cannot consider one-party system as a good option because this is not a democratic option. Any democratic system must allow at least two parties to compete in elections and provide a fair chance for the competing parties to come to power.

Assertions and Reasons
Q1: Two statements are given in the Q below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option.
Assertion: It is mandatory for every candidate who contests election to file an AFFIDAVIT .
Reason: The Supreme Court passed an order to reduce the influence of money and criminals.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true
Ans: A

Q2: Two statements are given in the Q below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option.
Assertion: Political parties are easily one of the most visible institutions in a democracy.
Reason: For most ordinary citizens, democracy is equal to political parties.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true
Ans: A

Q3: Two statements are given in the Q below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option.
Assertion:- China doesn’t follow One party system
Reason:- In China only the communist party is allowed to rule
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true
Ans: D

Q4: Two statements are given in the Q below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option.
Assertion A : Only those parties that are recognised as national parties can contest in elections for Parliament
Reason R : Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true
Ans: D

Q5: Two statements are given in the Q below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option.
Assertion: India has evolved a multiparty system.
Reason: It is because the social and geographical diversity in such a large country is not easily absorbed by two or even three parties
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true
Ans: A

Very Short Answer Type Question
Q1: Name the regional party of Tamil Nadu along with its symbol.
Ans: The regional party of Tamil Nadu is All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and its symbol is Two Leaves.

Q2: Define regional parties.
Ans: The parties which are able to succeed in one or some states are called state or regional parties.

Q3: At what level non-party based elections are held in India?
Ans: Non-party based elections in India are held for panchayats, the very grassroot level.

Q4: Discuss the role of opposition parties in democracy.
Ans: Opposition parties criticise the government for its faulty policies and failures in this way , it plays the role of a watchdog for keeping the ruling parties on track.

Q5: Name the regional party of Odisha along with its symbol.
Ans: The regional party of Odisha is Biju Janata Dal and its symbol is Sea Shell.

Q6: Explain the term ‘defection’.
Ans: Defection refers to shifting loyalty from one party to another from where a person got elected.

Q7: Suggest any one way to make political parties more responsive to the people’s need and demand.
Ans: If citizens of a nation protest peacefully and put their demands before political parties directly after being unite at mass level than obviously the parties will be more responsive to their demands.

Q8: Correct the following statement and rewrite:
In a dictatorship, “any group of citizens is free to form a political party”.
Ans: In a democracy, any group of citizens is free to form a political party.

 Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: Do you think that ordinary citizens have any role in reforming political parties? Explain how?
Ans: Yes ordinary citizens play a vital role in reforming political parties. People can pressurise political parties by putting forward petitions or by protesting through agitations. Mass media can serve a significant instrument for presenting the views of ordinary citizens. However, simple criticism without any concrete step can’t bring about any change.

Q2: Why do we need political parties ?
Ans: We need political parties due to the following reasons :
(i) It helps in ensuring the formation of a responsive and accountable government.
(ii) It helps in ensuring that the government will run as per the set ideologies and policies for common welfare.
(iii) If political parties are not present, independent candidates will be responsible for their own constituencies, but administration of the entire country will be ignored.

Q3: Explain any three functions of opposition political parties.
Ans: The Opposition’s main role is to Q the government of the day to day work and hold them accountable to the public welfare. In legislature, the Opposition Party has a major role and must act to discourage the party in power from acting against the interests of the country and the common man. They hustle to present themselves as a suitable alternative government.
Following are the three functions of opposition parties:
(i) hey Q the ruling government and make them accountable to the public.
(ii) Their role is to ensure that the government should not take any step which is against the interest of the public.
(iii) Their duty is to check and ensure that the action of the ruling party is for the benefit of the masses and to support the government in such things. They, thus, facilitate formation of public opinion and are a way in which the schemes of government are checked and communicated to the public.

Q4: What is meant by a national political party? State the conditions required to be a national political party.
Ans: National political parties are nationwide parties with their units in many states, with all the units following the same policies, programmes and strategies decided at the national level. The conditions required to be a national political party in India are as follows:
(i) To get at least 6% of total votes in the Lok Sabha elections of the country or Assembly elections in at least four States.
(ii) To win at least 4 seats in the Lok Sabha.

Long Answer Type Questions
Q1: Discuss the different kinds of party systems.
Ans: Different kinds of party systems are as follows:
(i) One-party system: One-party system is one in which only one party controls and runs the government. However, it is undemocratic as there is no competition. Voters don’t have any option but to vote for or against the candidates who are nominated from a single party. It is prevalent in communist countries like South Korea, China and Cuba.
(ii) Two-party system: Two-party system is one in which power shifts only between two major parties. There may be some other parties, which can contest and win a few seats in the national legislatures but the chance of winning the elections remains with the two main parties getting majority seats. It is found in countries like the United States of America, Canada and United Kingdom.
(iii) Multi-party system: Multi-party system is one in which more than two parties contest for the election and have a chance of winning. In case no party wins a clear-cut majority, several parties join to form a coalition government. However, such a system is to be chaotic and a source of political instability. It is found in India and France.

Q2: When was the BSP formed and under the leadership of whom? What are its main policies?
Ans: The BSP was formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram. It formed government in Uttar Pradesh numerous times by getting support of various parties at different times. In the Lok Sabha elections of 2004, it won about five per cent votes and was able to secure nineteen seats in the Lok Sabha. Its main policies are as follows:
(i) It aims at representing and securing power for the Bahujan Samaj, i.e., for the dalits, adivasis, OBCs and religious minorities.
(ii) It is inspired by the ideologies and teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Periyar Ramaswami Naicker, Mahatma Phule, and Babasaheb Ambedkar.
(iii) It aims at the welfare of the dalits and other oppressed sections of the society.
(iv) It is mainly concentrated in Uttar Pradesh and has significant presence in neighbouring states like Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Delhi, Chhattisgarh and Punjab.

Q3: What do you think about the role of opposition in maintaining an efficient democratic system?
Ans: Opposition parties help in maintaining an efficient democratic system in the following ways:
(i) Opposition parties help in mobilising opposition against the ruling party.
(ii) It criticises the government for its faulty policies and failures.
(iii) In this way, it plays the role of a watchdog for keeping the working of the ruling party on the track.
(iv) It creates awareness among the people regarding issues of national importance and infuses political consciousness among them.
(v) It plays a very significant role in a democracy as the representatives of those people who approach them for safeguarding their interests.

Q4: Why do not parties give enough tickets to women? Is that also due to lack of internal democracy?
Ans: Patriarchal system prevails in Indian society and man folks want to establish their authority everywhere and politics is not an exception. Giving tickets to women candidates will mean that the power will come in the hands of women which is not desirable. Yes, it is an example of lack of internal democracy as equal opportunities are denied within a party. At least one-third of the seats should be given to woman candidates.

Q5: Do the voters really don’t get a meaningful choice ?
Ans: The statement means that the voters are not able to get options as there is little ideological differences between the parties and all the parties are mainly concerned with their own selfish motives. For giving meaningful choices to citizens, political parties should significantly differ from each other. Many times, those who want to come up with different policies are suppressed through the dirty game of politics, or lack resources to bring about any significant change. Moreover, many times people are not able to select a different set of leaders as they keep upon shifting form one party to another.

Q6: Discuss the main policies of the INC.
OR
When was Indian National congress Party formed? Discuss its major policies.
Ans: INC or Indian National Congress was founded in 1885. It emerged as the largest party in India in 2004, with 145 members in the Lok Sabha elections. Presently, it is the main opposition party in the Lok Sabha. Its major policies are as follows:
(i) Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, INC wanted India to become a modern, secular and democratic republic party.
(ii) It maintains its presence throughout the country by cutting across social divisions, in spite of its rises and falls.
(iii) It is a centrist party in its ideological orientation,i.e.,neither rightist nor leftist.
(iv) It aims at promoting secularism and upliftment of the weaker sections and minorities.
(v) It supports new economic reforms, and has a humanitarian approach.

Q7: Suggest and explain any five measures to reform political parties.
OR
Elucidate some of the recent efforts taken in India to reform political parties and its leaders.
Ans: Some of the recent efforts taken in our country to reform political parties and its leaders are as follows:
(i) Our constitution has been amended to prevent changing of parties by elected MPs and MLAs. Legally, those MLAs and MPs who attempt defection will lose the seats in the legislature.
(ii) The Supreme Court passed an order to reduce the effect of money and criminals. It is compulsory for a candidate desirous of contesting for elections to provide an affidavit about his/her property details and criminal cases pending against him/her.
(iii) Political parties should give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third to women candidates for the proper representation.
(iv) The Election Commission passed an order which makes it mandatory for political parties to hold their organisational elections. The Election Commission also made it mandatory for all political parties to file their income tax returns.
(v) State should provide funds and resources for supporting the election expenses. This will help in reducing the influence of muscle and money power in elections.

Q8: State the various functions that Political parties perform in a democracy.
Ans: 1.1.Parties contest elections
2 Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them.
3 Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.
4 Parties form and run governments
5 Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition
6 Parties shape public opinion.
7 Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments

Q9: What are the various challenges faced by political parties?
Ans: 1. Lack of internal democracy within parties
2. Dynastic succession.
3. Growing role of money and muscle power in parties,
4.Lack of meaningful choice to the voters

Q10: Lack of internal democracy within parties is a major challenge to political parties all over the world. How far do you agree with it?
Ans: The power is concentrated in one or few leaders at the top parties do not keep membership registers parties do not hold organizational meetings they do not conduct internal elections regularly ordinary members do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party.

MCQs

Q1: What step taken to provide representation to women in Panchayats and Municipalities?
(a) Reservation for election to half of the seats for women
(b) Appointment of 1/3 women members
(c) Reservation for election to 1/3 of the seats for women
(d) None of the above
Ans: (c)
Women’s organisations and activists have been demanding a similar reservation of at least one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women.

Q2: In which of these categories of work do you think less time is spent by men?
(a) Household and related work
(b) Sleep, self-care, reading etc.
(c) Income-generating work
(d) Talking and gossiping
Ans: (a)
Household and related work are the categories of work in which less time is spent by men.

Q3: Indian society is of which type?
(a) A matriarchal society
(b) A patriarchal society
(c) A fraternal society
(d) None of these
Ans: (b)
In our country, women still lag much behind men despite some improvement since Independence. Ours is still a male dominated, patriarchal society. Women face disadvantage, discrimination and oppression.

Q4: What is the result of political expression of gender division?
(a) Has helped to improve women’s role in public life
(b) Has provided a superior status to women
(c) The position remains the same, as it was
(d) None of the above
Ans: (a)
The result of political expression of gender division has helped to improve women’s role in public life.

Q5: What is mean by the term ‘Feminist’?
(a) Having the qualities considered typical of women.
(b) A person who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men.
(c) The belief that men and women are equal.
(d) Men who look like women.
Ans: (b)
Feminist is a woman or a man who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men.

Q6. Which of these matters deal with the ‘Family Laws’?
(a) Marriage and divorce
(b) Adoption
(c) Inheritance
(d) All of these
Ans: (d)
Family laws: Those laws that deal with family related matters such as marriage, divorce, adoption, inheritance, etc. In our country, different family laws apply to followers of different religions.

Q7: Which of these is true about the most ugly form of communalism?
(a) Communal violence
(b) Riots
(c) Massacre
(d) All the above
Ans: (d)
Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre. India and Pakistan suffered some of the worst communal riots at the time of the Partition.

Q8: What is leading to the breakdown of caste hierarchy?
(a) Large-scale urbanisation
(b) Growth of literacy and education
(c) Occupational mobility
(d) All of the above
Ans: (d)
With economic development, large scale urbanisation, growth of literacy and education, occupational mobility and the weakening of the position of landlords in the villages, the old notions of caste hierarchy are breaking down.

Q9: The percentage of elected women members in the Lok Sabha has never reached what per cent of its total strength?
(a) 25%
(b) 15%
(c) 10%
(d) 5%
Ans: (c)
The percentage of elected women members in the Lok Sabha has never reached even 10 per cent of its total strength.

Q10: In some places in India, by how much the child sex ratio has fallen to as low as?
(a) 927
(b) 840
(c) 820
(d) 800
Ans: (d)
Sex-selective abortion led to a decline in child sex ratio (number of girl children per thousand boys) in the country to merely 914. In some part of India this ratio has fallen below 850 or even 800 in some places.

Fill In The Blank 
Direction: Complete the following statements with appropriate word(s).

Q1: Women’s movements have argued that ______ of all religious discriminate against women.
Ans: family laws

Q2: A communal mind often leads to quest for ______ of one’s own religious community.
Ans: political dominance

Q3: Caste system was based on exclusion of and discrimination against the ______ groups.
Ans: outcaste

True/False 
Direction: Read each of the following statements and write if it is true or false.
Q1: In today’s scenario, we can claim that casteism has completely disappeared from our society and politics.
Ans: False

Q2: Political parties and candidates hardly use caste sentiments.
Ans: False

Q3: Shifting of population from rural to urban areas is known as migration.
Ans: False

Assertion And Reasons
Direction : Mark the option which is most suitable :
Q1: Assertion : Sex-selective abortion led to decline of sex ratio in India.
Reason : Desire of for a male child makes Indian families abort girl.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Sex-selective abortion led to decline of sex ratio in India. Indian parents want to have son and want ways to abort girl child. However, sex-selective abortion is immoral and legally banned in India. The reason thus explains the assertion. 

Q2: Assertion : Stereotypical gender roles for males and females helps in avoiding conflicts.
Reason : India is a matriarchal society.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: (d) Both assertion and reason are false.

Stereotypical|gender roles where females are expected to do household work and males are expected to earn living is unjustifiable. The female should also get equal rights as the male. Also, India is a patriarchial society, Men are in authority over women in different aspects of society.

Q3: Assertion : Communal ism is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community.
Reason : Caste should be kept away from politics.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Communalism is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community. It considers that people of different religion can’t be equal citizen and one should dominate the other. Caste creates social conflicts and should be kept away from politics as it leads to violence. The reason, however true, does not explain the assertion.

Q4: Assertion : A casteist is a person who thinks that caste is the principal basis of community.
Reason : Allcastes are equal and man-made.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
A castiest is a person who thinks that caste is the principal basis of community. However, such a belief is faulty as everyone is equal and no caste is superior to other. Thus, both reason & assertion are true but the reason does not explain the assertion. 

Q5: Assertion : Sometimes a caste group becomes vote bank for a party.
Reason : Selecting the candidate from same caste helps in ensuring better governance.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
Sometimes a caste group becomes vote bank for a party as people select the candidate belonging to their own caste. This helps in representing and communicating their personal interests on a wider front. However, it is wrong to select a candidate on the basis of caste instead of personal abilities. Thus the assertion is true,-the reason is false.

Very Short Answer Type Questions 

Q1: Define a feminist? 
or
By what term is now the person known who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women.
Ans:  Feminist: A person who believes in equal rights and opportunities for all human beings.

Q2: In which constitutional institution have seats been reserved for women? 
Ans:  Panchayats and Municipalities

Short Answer Type Questions 

Q1: How does religion influence the political set up in our country? Explain.
Ans:  The religion in politics is not dangerous as it seems to us. Ethical values of each religion can play a major role in politics.
As a member of any religious community, people should express their political needs. The political leaders regulate the practice of religion so that there should be no discrimination and oppression. If all religions are treated equally then these political acts are correct in any way.

Q2: Describe the three factors which determine the outcome of the politics of social divisions.
Ans:  Factors that decide the outcome of the politics of social divisions.
a. The people’s perception of their identities: When this is singular, the accommodation of other identities becomes difficult.
b. Representation of a community by political leaders: While representing a community, if politicians raise demands that are constitutional, then, it is easier to accommodate those demands.
c. The government’s reaction: If the reasonable demands of a community are suppressed by the government, then it leads to social divisions, which in turns threaten the integrity of the country.

 Q3: Suppose a politician seeks your vote on the religious ground. Why is his act considered against the norms of democracy? Explain. 
Ans:  His act is against the spirit of democracy as the said politician is not working as per the Constitution.
a. It also exploits the social difference.
b. It may create social discard and may lead to social division.
c. It is also biased attitude and neglects the principle of equality.

Q4: Explain the status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies. 
Ans: The status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies are as follows:
a. Central legislature: Less than 10% of its total strength are women.
b. State legislatures: Less than 5% of then- total strength are women.
c. Panchayati Raj: One-third of the seats are reserved for women.

Q5: How can communalism pose a great threat to Indian democracy? 
or
How can religion be a source of danger to democratic politics? Explain your view points.
Ans: Communalism can pose a great threat to Indian democracy as:
a. It leads to the belief that people belonging to different religions cannot live as equal citizens within one nation. Either one of them has to dominate the rest or they have to form different nations.
b. Any attempt to bring followers of one religion together in a context other than religion is bound to suppress many voices within that community.

Q6: Define Feminist Movements. Write their objectives.
Ans:  Definition: Agitations or movements demanding enhancement in the political and legal status of women and improving their education and career opportunities are called Feminist Movement. 
Main Objective: The main objective of Feminist Movement is to attain equality among men and women.

Q7: How are religious differences expressed in politics?
Ans: The religious differences are often expressed in the field of politics, i.e.
a. Gandhiji used to say that religion can never be separated from politics, what he meant by religion was not any particular religion like Hinduism or Islam, but moral values that inform all religions.
He believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.
b. Human right groups in our country have argued that most of the victims of communal riots in our country are people from religious minorities. They have demanded that the government take special steps to protect religious minorities.
c. Women’s movement has agreed that family laws of all religions discriminate against women, so they have demanded that government should change these laws to make them more equitable.
Q8: Assess the influences of politics on caste system.
Ans:  Influence of politics on Caste:
a. Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it sub-castes.
b. Various caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other caste or communities.
c. New kinds of caste groups have entered politics like ‘backward’ and ‘forward’ castes.
d. Politics in caste has allowed many disadvantaged caste groups to demand heir share of power.
Caste politics has helped the Dalits and OBCs to gain better access to decision making.

Q9: What is sexual division of labour? Mention the main demands of the worldwide women’s agitations.
Ans:  Sexual division of labour means division of work on the basis of the gender difference and according to this concept all house work and responsibility of bringing up children is women’s work.
Women all over the world have been demanding:
a. Equal voting rights.
b. Enhancement of political and legal status of women.
c. Improvement of educational and career opportunities for women.

Q10: Define communalism. Explain any three forms of Communalism in the Indian Politics.
Ans: Communalism is a situation when beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions. When the demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another and when state power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest.
Various forms of communalism in politics :
a. The most common expression of communalism is in every day beliefs.
b. A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one’s own religious community.
c. Political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism. This involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeals and plan fear.

Q11: “Caste has not still disappeared from contemporary India.” Write any three examples to justify the statement.
Ans:  Caste has not disappeared from contemporary India.
Some of the older aspects of caste which are persisting are as follows:
a. Even now most people marry within their own caste or tribe.
b. Untouchability has not ended completely, despite constitutional prohibition.
Effects of centuries of advantages and disadvantages continued to be felt today

Long Answer Type Questions
Q1: How is gender division understood in Indian society?
To what extent does political mobilization on gender basis help to improve women’s role in public life?
Ans:  a. In Indian society, gender division tends to be understood as natural and unchangeable. It is based on social expectations and stereotypes.
b. This attitude leads to sexual division of labour.
Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of women is housework and bringing up children, whereas all the outside works are to be done by men.
c. The result of this division of labour is that though the women constitute almost half the population, their role in public life in minimal.
d. Political expression and political mobilisation on this question helped to improve women’s role in public life. We now find women working as scientists, doctors, engineers, teachers, etc. Now with lot of efforts 33% seats are reserved for women in local government bodies.

Q2: What form does communalism take in politics?
or
Explain any three forms of communal politics, with examples.
or
Explain how communalism is being expressed in politics ?
or
What does the term communalism mean? Explain any four forms which communalism takes in politics.
Ans:  Communalism: It means attempts to promote religious ideas between groups of people which are identified as different communities.
Communalism can take various forms in politics:
a. The most common expression of communalism is in everyday beliefs. These routinely involve religious prejudices, stereotype of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions. This is so common that we often fail to notice it, even when we believe in it.
b. A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one’s own religious community. For those belonging to majority community, this takes the form of majoritarian dominance. For those belonging to the minority community, it can take the form of a desire to form a separate political unit.
c. Political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism. This involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal and plain fear in order to bring the followers of one religion together in the political arena.
d. Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre.

Q3: Examine the standard of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies.
or
Assess the status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies.
Ans: The status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies is as follows:
a. Central Legislature: Less than 10% of its total strength are women.
b. State Legislature: Less than 5% of its total strength are women.
c. Panchayati Raj: One-third of the seats are reserved for women.
d. India is among the bottom group of nations in the world, in this aspect.
e. Women’s organizations and activists have been demanding a similar reservation of at least one third of seats in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.
But the bill to this effect has not been passed.

Q4: Explain the factors that have led to the weakening of the caste system in India.
or
Explain any five reasons for the declining caste system in India.
or
Explain any five socio-economic changes responsible for breaking down the old notion of caste hierarchy in India.
or
What factors have brought about a change in the Indian caste system in modern times? Explain.
Ans:  Decline of the caste system in India:
1. Efforts of social reformers like Phule, Gandhiji, Ambedkar against caste system have helped to promote a tasteless society.
2. Economic development has reduced the emphasis on caste.
3. Large scale urbanisation has diminished the awareness of caste, as people rub shoulders in buses, trains and offices.
4. Growth of literacy and education has helped to decrease the belief in caste.
5. Occupational mobility is possible now and children are not compelled to continue the profession of the family or father.
6. Weakening of the position of landlords in the villages has led to decline of the rigid caste barriers in villages.
7. Constitutional provisions such as Right to Equality of all before law have helped to prevent discrimination legally.
8. Policy of reservation of seats in local selfgovernment bodies and legislatures as well in educational institutes have helped to uplift the political, social and economic position of lower castes.

Q5: Describe the positive and negative aspects of relationship between caste and politics.
or
Describe three advantages and two disadvantages of the political expression of caste differences.
or
Analyse any five advantages and disadvantages of the political expression of caste differences?
Ans:  Advantages:
a. It gives disadvantaged groups the opportunity to demand a share in power and decision making.
b. Many’ political parties take up the issue of ending caste discrimination.
c. Measures for uplifting the status of the backward/ castes will be undertaken.
Disadvantages:
a. Caste-based politics divert attention from main issues such as poverty, corruption, etc.
b. Caste-based politics lead to tensions, conflicts and violence.

Q6: How can the relationship between politics and religion be beneficial and problematic at the same time? Explain.
or
It is inevitable to ignore the relationship between politics and religion. In what way does this relationship impact modern day politics? Explain.
Ans: Beneficial:
a. Influence of religion can make politics value based.
b. Religious communities can politically express their needs and interests.
c. Political authorities can monitor and control religious discrimination and oppression.
Problematic:
a. Religion can become the base for the development of nationalist sentiments which can lead to conflicts.
b. Political parties will try to make political gains by pitting one group against the other.
c. State power may be used to establish the domination of one religious group over another.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Q1: What is the third tier of government known as?

(a) Village Panchayats
(b) State government
(c) Local self-government
(d) Zila Parishad

Ans: (c) Local self-government

The third tier of government is referred to as local self-government, which embodies the principle of democracy by allowing local governance.

Q2: What is true regarding sources of revenue in a federal system?

(a) States have no financial powers or independent sources of revenue.
(b) States are dependent on revenue or funds from the central government.
(c) Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.
(d) States have no financial autonomy.

Ans: (c) Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.

In a federal system, financial autonomy is maintained by clearly defining revenue sources for each government level, allowing for independent fiscal management.

Q3: Which of the following is incorrect regarding a unitary government?

(a) There is either only one level of government or the sub-units are subordinate to the central government.
(b) The central government can pass on orders to the provincial government.
(c) A state government is subordinate to the central government.
(d) The powers of state governments are guaranteed by the Constitution.

Ans: (d) The powers of state governments are guaranteed by the Constitution.

In a unitary system, state governments do not have guaranteed powers by the Constitution, as they are subordinate to the central authority.

Q4: What are the kinds of routes through which federations have been formed?

(a) One route involves independent states coming together on their own to form a bigger unit.
(b) The second route is where a large country decides to divide its powers between the states and the national government.
(c) Both a and b.
(d) None of these.

Ans: (c) Both a and b.

Federations can be formed through both independent states uniting and large countries decentralizing power, making option (c) correct.

Q5: Which period saw the rise of regional political parties in many states of the country?

(a) Period after 1990
(b) Period after 2000
(c) Period after 1980
(d) Period after 1970

Ans: (a) Period after 1990

The rise of regional political parties occurred significantly after 1990, marking a shift towards coalition governments in India.

Q6: Which language is recognised as the national language by the Constitution of India?

(a) Hindi
(b) English
(c) Tamil
(d) None of these

Ans: (d) None of these

The Constitution of India does not designate any language as a national language; Hindi is the official language, but not the national one.

Q7: Which state of India enjoys a special status and has its own Constitution?

(a) Bihar
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Kerala
(d) Jammu and Kashmir

Ans: (d) Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir has its own Constitution, which grants it a special status and certain unique provisions not applicable to other states.

Q8: Which of the following subjects is not included in the Union list?

(a) Defence
(b) Foreign affairs
(c) Police
(d) Banking

Ans: (c) Police

The Union List does not include police as it is a subject under the State List, while defence and foreign affairs are Union subjects.

Q9: Which of the following is not an example of ‘holding together’ federations?

(a) India
(b) Spain
(c) Belgium
(d) Switzerland

Ans: (d) Switzerland

Switzerland is not a ‘holding together’ federation; it is a coming together federation, unlike India, Spain, and Belgium.

Q10: Which level of government in India has the power to legislate on the ‘residuary’ subjects?

(a) Union government
(b) State government
(c) Local self-government
(d) Both a and b

Ans: (a)  Union government

The Union Government has the exclusive power to legislate on residuary subjects, as per the constitutional provisions.

Fill in the BlanksQ1: The first major test of democratic politics in our country was the creation of __________.

Ans: linguistic states

The formation of linguistic states was a significant test for democratic politics in India, reflecting the need for representation based on language.

Q2: The __________ oversees the implementation of constitutional and procedures.

Ans: Judiciary

The Judiciary plays a crucial role in upholding the Constitution and ensuring that laws and procedures are implemented fairly and justly across the nation.

Q3: Under the __________ system, either there is only one level of government or the sub-units are subordinate to the central government.

Ans: Unitary

A Unitary system centralizes power, meaning that local or regional governments derive their authority from the central government, which can lead to a more streamlined decision-making process.

Q4: Holding together country decides to divide its power between the __________ and __________.

Ans: the national government, constituent states

In a federal structure, power is shared between the national government and constituent states, allowing for a balance that respects regional autonomy while maintaining national unity.

Q5: __________ list includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the country, foreign affairs etc.

Ans: Union

The Union list encompasses subjects critical to national governance, ensuring that the central government can legislate on matters essential for the country’s integrity and security.

True or FalseQ1: Second test for the Indian Federation was the language policy.

Ans: True

The language policy in India serves as a significant test for the Indian Federation, as it addresses the linguistic diversity of the nation and aims to promote unity while respecting regional languages.

Q2: Decentralisation helps to build effective communication.

Ans: True

Decentralisation enhances communication by distributing power and responsibilities, allowing for more localized decision-making and responsiveness to community needs.

Q3: 1980s was the era of coalition governments.

Ans: False

The 1980s in India were characterized by a dominance of single-party governments, particularly by the Indian National Congress, rather than coalition governments.

Q4: Besides Hindi, India has 21 official languages.

Ans: True

India recognizes Hindi as the official language along with 21 other languages, making a total of 22 scheduled languages in the country.

Q5: When the power is taken from the local and state government and given to central government, it is called decentralisation.

Ans: False

The transfer of power from local and state governments to the central government is known as centralization, not decentralisation, which involves distributing power away from the central authority.

Assertion Reasoning

Direction: Mark the option which is most suitable :

Q1: Assertion : India is a federation.
Reason : Power resides with the central authority.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. 
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Ans: (c) If assertion is true but reason is false.

Assertion: India is a federation → True
India has a federal system of government with a division of powers between the Centre and the States, as provided by the Constitution.

Reason: Power resides with the central authority → False
In a true federation, power is divided between central and state governments. While India has a strong Centre, it does not mean that all power resides with the Centre.

Hence, the assertion is true but the reason is false.

Q2. Assertion (A): India has a federal system.

Reason (R): Under a unitary system, either there is only one level of government or the sub-units are subordinate to the central government.

(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.

(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Ans: Option (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

Explanation: India does have a federal structure, which is characterised by the distribution of powers between the central and state governments. While the reason is true regarding unitary systems, it does not explain why India is federal, as India’s federalism allows for autonomy at both levels of government.

Q3. Assertion (A): It is very simple to make changes in the basic structure of the constitution.

Reason (R): Both the houses have the power to amend the constitution independently.

(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.

(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Ans: Option (d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Explanation: Amending the basic structure of the constitution is not a simple process; it requires a special majority in Parliament and cannot be done independently by either house. Therefore, both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Q4. Assertion (A): A major step towards decentralisation was taken in 1992 by amending the constitution.

Reason (R): The constitution was amended to make the third tier of democracy more powerful and effective.

(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.

(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Ans: Option (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

Explanation: The 1992 constitutional amendment indeed aimed to decentralise power by strengthening local self-governments, thus making the assertion and reason both true and the reason a correct explanation of the assertion.

Q5. Assertion (A): Hindi is identified as the only official language of India.

Reason (R): It helped in creating supremacy of Hindi speaking people over others.

(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.

(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Ans: Option (c) If assertion is true but reason is false.

Explanation: While Hindi is one of the official languages, it is not the only one; the Constitution recognises multiple languages. The assertion is true, but the reason is false as it misrepresents the intent behind the language policy, which aims for inclusivity rather than supremacy.

Q6. Assertion (A): The subjects which are not included in the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List are considered as residuary subjects.

Reason (R): The subjects included that came after the constitution was made and thus could not be classified.

(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.

(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Ans: Option (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

Explanation: The assertion is correct as residuary subjects are indeed those not listed in the other three lists. The reason also holds true, as new subjects can emerge that were not anticipated at the time of the Constitution’s framing, thus making the reason a valid explanation.

Q7. Assertion (A): The third tier of government is local government.

Reason (R): It made democracy weak.

(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.

(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Ans: Option (c) If assertion is true but reason is false.

Explanation: The assertion is true as local government is indeed the third tier of government in India. However, the reason is false; local governments are intended to strengthen democracy by bringing governance closer to the people.

Q8. Assertion (A): Coalition government is formed during the dearth of coal in the country.

Reason (R): It helps in overcoming the coal crisis.

(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.

(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Ans: Option (d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Explanation: The assertion is incorrect as coalition governments are not formed due to a coal shortage; they arise from the need to form a government when no single party has a clear majority. The reason is also false as it does not relate to the formation of coalition governments.

Q9. Assertion (A): Belgium and Spain have a ‘holding together’ federation.

Reason (R): A big country divides power between constituent states and national government.

(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.

(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Ans: Option (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

Explanation: Both the assertion and reason are true. Belgium and Spain are examples of ‘holding together’ federations where power is divided among various levels of government, which is a characteristic of large countries.

Q10. Assertion (A): Zilla Parishad Chairperson is the political head of the zilla parishad.

Reason (R): Mayor is the head of municipalities.

(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.

(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Ans: Option (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explaination of assertion.

Explanation: The assertion is true as the Zilla Parishad Chairperson is indeed the political head of the zilla parishad. The reason is also true; however, it does not explain the assertion as it pertains to a different level of local government.

Very Short Answer Questions

Q1. By which name the rural local government is popularly known?
Ans: The rural local government is commonly referred to as Panchayati Raj.

Q2. Which type of government has two or more levels?
Ans: Federal Government has two or more levels.

Q3. States in India such as Assam and Mizoram enjoy special powers under Article 371 of the Indian Constitution. Why?
Ans: Due to their peculiar social and Historical circumstances.

Q4. Give examples of Holding together Federations.
Ans: Examples of Holding together Federations:

• India
• Spain
• Belgium

Q5. Suppose the Government of Maharashtra is forming a special police Battalion for Rural safety. Can the Central government order the state government to withdraw the plan as this involves a lot of money expenditure? Justify your answer.
Ans: No, Police and law and order is a subject in the state list and only the state government can make laws based on that subject.

Q6. What are the dual objectives of federal system?
Ans: The federal system has two main objectives:

• Safeguard and promote the unity of the country.
• Accommodate regional diversity.

Short Answer Questions

Q1. What is the meaning of decentralisation? Explain any four provisions that have been made towards decentralisation in India after the Constitutional Amendment in 1992.
Ans: Decentralisation refers to the process of transferring power from central and state governments to local governments. This shift aims to empower local governance and enhance democratic participation. A significant advancement in decentralisation occurred with the 1992 Constitutional Amendment, which established a more robust third tier of democracy. Key provisions include:

• Regular Elections: It is now mandatory to hold regular elections for local government bodies.
• Reserved Seats: Seats are reserved in elected bodies for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
• Women’s Representation: At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.
• State Election Commission: Each state has established an independent State Election Commission (SEC) to oversee Panchayat and Municipal elections.
• Power and Revenue Sharing: State governments are required to share certain powers and revenues with local government bodies.

Q2. Do you take decentralisation as means to minimise the conflicts? Give your view point?
Ans: Decentralisation involves transferring power from central and state governments to local governments. This process can effectively reduce conflicts and address various local issues.

• Local Knowledge: Residents have a better understanding of their community’s problems and can suggest effective solutions.
• Direct Participation: Decentralisation encourages people to engage in decision-making, fostering a culture of democratic participation.
• Local Self-Government: This structure supports the principles of democracy by empowering local authorities to manage their affairs.

Q3. Define the term federalism.
Ans: Federalism is a system of government where power is shared between a central authority and various constituent units of a country. Key features include:

• There are two or more levels of government.
• Each level governs the same citizens but has its own jurisdiction over specific matters.
• The constitution defines the powers and responsibilities of each level.
• Changes to fundamental constitutional provisions require consent from both levels of government.

In a federal system, both the central and state governments operate independently and are accountable to the people.

Q4. Independence of the Judiciary is the key to the success of federalism. Examine the statement.
Ans:

• The judiciary, led by the Supreme Court, is the only body that interprets the Indian Constitution.
• It plays a crucial role in ensuring that constitutional provisions and procedures are followed.
• In disputes regarding the division of powers, the High Courts and the Supreme Court provide resolutions.

Q5. “Indian Constitution has a unitary bias.” Support the statement with examples.
Ans:

• The power-sharing arrangement in the Indian Constitution clearly defines the distribution of power between the Union and State governments. While it is federal in structure, it leans towards a unitary system since the residuary powers rest with the Union.
• Although the Constitution does not explicitly use the term ‘Federation’, it establishes a three-tier system comprising the central government, state governments, and local governments.
• Each level of government has its own legislative jurisdiction. However, the Union government holds more power, with 97 subjects under its control, compared to fewer subjects for the State and Concurrent lists.

Long Answer Questions

Q1. Explain any five features of Panchayati Raj system in India.
Ans: Panchayati Raj is the system of rural local government in India. Here are five key features of the Panchayati Raj system:

• Rural Focus: The system is specifically designed for rural areas.
• Gram Panchayat: Each village or a group of villages has a Gram Panchayat, which is the local governing body.
• Composition: The Gram Panchayat consists of several ward members, known as Panch, and a head called the Sarpanch.
• Direct Elections: The Sarpanch is elected directly by the adult population of the village.
• Decision-Making Authority: The Gram Panchayat serves as the decision-making body for the village and operates under the supervision of the Gram Sabha.

All voters in the village are members of the Gram Sabha, which meets at least twice a year to approve budgets and review the Panchayat’s performance. Additionally, some Gram Panchayats may form a Panchayat Samiti or block, enhancing local governance.

Q2. “Local governments have made a significant impact on Indian democracy. At the same time, there are many difficulties.” Explain.
Ans: Impact of local self-government on Indian democracy:

• Constitutional recognition has strengthened democracy in India.
• It has enhanced women’s representation and participation in governance.

Difficulties:

• Elections are not conducted regularly or with enthusiasm.
• Meetings of Gram Sabhas are infrequent.
• Many state governments have not delegated significant powers to local bodies.
• Local governments often lack adequate resources.

Q3. Why has federalism succeeded in India? Which were the policies adopted by India that ensured this success? Explain.
Ans: The success of federalism in India can be largely attributed to the nature of its democratic politics. This has fostered a shared commitment to the spirit of federalism, respect for diversity, and the desire for coexistence. The policies adopted by India that ensured this success include:

• Linguistic States: The creation of states based on language has been a significant step. Many old states were restructured, and new states were formed to group people who speak the same language together. This approach also acknowledged cultural, ethnic, and geographical differences.
• Language Policy: The Indian Constitution does not designate any language as the national language. Hindi is the official language, but there are 21 other languages recognised as Scheduled Languages. Each state can also have its own official language, promoting linguistic diversity.
• Centre-State Relations: The restructuring of Centre-State relations has bolstered federalism. Since 1990, the rise of regional political parties and coalition governments at the Centre has fostered a culture of power-sharing and respect for state autonomy.
• Decentralisation: The 1992 constitutional amendment empowered local governments, establishing a third tier of democracy. This includes Panchayats in rural areas and municipalities in urban areas, enhancing local governance.

Q4. Explain the process of power sharing among different organs of the government in India. Or Describe the three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Governments. Who can make laws on the subjects which are not covered under these lists and what name has been given to such subjects? Or Describe the division of powers between the Central and the State Governments in India.
Ans: The Constitution of India outlines a threefold distribution of legislative powers among the Union Government and State Governments, which is divided into three distinct lists:

• Union List:This includes subjects of national importance, such as:
  • Defence
  • Foreign affairs
  • Banking
  • Communications
  • Currency
  The Union Government is the only authority that can legislate on these matters.
• State List:This covers subjects of local significance, including:
  • Police
  • Trade
  • Agriculture
  • Irrigation
  Only State Governments can make laws regarding these subjects.
• Concurrent List:This consists of subjects of mutual interest, such as:
  • Education
  • Forests
  • Trade unions
  • Marriage and adoption
  Both the Union and State Governments can legislate on these subjects. If there is a conflict, the Union law prevails.

Subjects not included in these lists are termed residuary subjects. The Union Government has the authority to legislate on these matters, which may include contemporary issues like computer software. It is important to note that not all states in India have the same powers. Some states, like Assam and Nagaland, have special provisions due to their unique social and historical contexts, allowing them to protect the rights of indigenous peoples. Changes to this power-sharing arrangement require a two-thirds majority in both Houses of Parliament and ratification by at least half of the state legislatures. The judiciary, particularly the High Courts and the Supreme Court, plays a crucial role in resolving disputes regarding the division of powers.

Q5. Which provisions of Indian Constitution make India a full-fledged federation? Or Mention any five main features which make India a federal country.
Ans: The following are five key provisions that establish India as a federal country:

• Two or more levels of government: India operates with three levels of government: the Centre, State, and Local.
• Three lists: Powers are divided between the Centre and the States through the Union list, State list, and Concurrent list.
• Rigid Constitution: Changes to fundamental provisions require consent from both the Centre and State governments, preventing unilateral alterations.
• Financial Autonomy: Clearly defined revenue sources for both the Centre and States ensure their financial independence.
• Independent Judiciary: The Supreme Court resolves disputes between different levels of government, maintaining the balance of power.

MCQ Questions

Q1: In which year Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country?
(a) 1947
(b) 1948
(c) 1949
(d) 1950
Ans: (b) 1948
Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. The leaders of the Sinhala community sought to secure dominance over government by virtue of their majority.

Q2: Which is the state religion of Sri Lanka?
(a) Buddhism
(b) Hinduism
(c) Islam
(d) Christianity
Ans: (a) Buddhism
In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil. A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

Q3: Which major social group constituted the largest share in population of Sri Lanka?
(a) Sinhalas
(b) Sri Lankan Tamils
(c) Indian Tamils
(d) Muslims
Ans: (a)
The major social groups in Sri Lanka are the Sinhala-speakers (74 per cent) and the Tamil-speakers (18 per cent)

Q4: Which language is spoken by the majority of Belgians?
(a) German
(b) French
(c) Dutch
(d) English
Ans: (c)
Of the Belgian’s total population, 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch language.

Q5: Which religion is followed by Sinhala speaking people?
(a) Hindus
(b) Muslims
(c) Buddhists
(d) None of these
Ans: (c)
Most of the Sinhala speaking people are Buddhists, while most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims.

Q6: Which language was declared as the only official language of Sri Lanka by an Act passed in 1956?
(a) Tamil
(b) Sinhala
(c) Hindi
(d) English
Ans: (b)
In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil.

Q7: Which of the following is not one of the three organs of government powers are shared?
(a) Legislature
(b) Bureaucracy
(c) Executive
(d) Judiciary
Ans: (b)
Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary.

Q8: Which of the following is not one of the aspects of federal division of powers?
(a) Sharing of powers among central provincial and local governments
(b) Division of powers involving higher and lower levels of government
(c) The Constitution clearly lays down powers of different levels of government
(d) There is no vertical division of powers
Ans: (d)
The aspects of federal division of powers are sharing of powers among central provincial and local governments, Division of powers involving higher and lower levels of government.

Q9: What led to non-sharing of power?
(a) Peace among all the communities
(b) The tyranny of the majority and oppression of minority
(c) Negation of the very spirit of democracy
(d) Both (b) and (c)
Ans: (d)
Non-sharing of power led to tyranny of the majority and oppression of minority and negation of the very spirit of democracy.

Q10: How many times was the Constitution of Belgium amended between 1970 and 1993?
(a) Two times
(b) Three times
(c) Five times
(d) Four times
Ans: (d)
Between 1970 and 1993, they amended their constitution four times so as to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country.Fill in the blanks

Q1: ………. has started power struggle demanding separate Eelam in Sri Lanka.
Ans: Tamilians political organisation

Q2: Both ………. and ………. share power on an equal basis at ………. in Belgium.
Ans: Dutch, French speaking people, central government

Q3: In Belgium, three communities are living ………. , ………. and ………. .
Ans: French, Dutch, German speaking

Q4: In Belgium, lastly the power is shared between ………. , ………. and ………. .
Ans: Central, State, Community Government

Q5: ………. was started in Sri Lanka due to distrust between the two communities.
Ans: Civil WarTrue & False

Q1: The feeling of accommodation has led to the problem in Sri Lanka.
Ans: False

Q2: Sri Lanka is facing the problems because of supporting the Tamilians in the state.
Ans: True

Q3: Belgium and Sri Lanka are the two similar causes in the struggle of people.
Ans: True

Q4: Belgium has French people in majority whereas the others struggle for their rights.
Ans: False

Q5: Power sharing increases the possibility of conflict between social groups.
Ans: False

Q6: Power sharing is desirable and reduces possibilities of conflict within the country.
Ans: True

Assertion and Reasons

Direction: Mark the option which is most suitable :
Q1: Assertion : French speaking community in Belgium was rich and powerful.
Reason : Belgian Government favoured French speaking community.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: C

Q2: Assertion : There was a feeling of alienation among Sri Lankan Tamils.
Reason : The Sri Lankan government denied them equal political rights and discriminated against them in getting jobs and other opportunities,
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: A

Q3: Assertion : Tyranny of majority is highly desirable.
Reason : It helps in making the political order more stable.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: D 

Q4: Assertion : Power should reside with one person and group located at one place in a democracy.
Reason : If the power is dispersed, it will not be possible to take decision quickly and enforce it.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: D

Q5: Assertion : Sinhala was recognized as only official language of Sri Lanka.
Reason : The government of Sri Lanka wanted to establish the supremacy of Sinhala community.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: A

Q6: Assertion : In Belgium, the leaders realized that the unity of the country is possible by respecting the feelings and interest of different countries.
Reason : Belgium favoured Dutch speaking community.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: D

Q7: Assertion : Community government in Belgium is elected by one language community.
Reason : Community government helped in resolving conflict between different linguistic groups.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: A

Q8: Assertion : In a democracy, everyone has voice in the shaping of public policies.
Reason : India has federal system. 
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: B

Q9: Assertion : Power Sharing is good.
Reason : It leads to ethical tension.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: C

Q10: Assertion : Belgium and Sri Lanka both faced ethical tension among different communities.
Reason : Both the countries resolved the conflict by power sharing arrangement which gave equal representation to all the communities.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: CVery Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: Mention any one characteristics of power sharing.
Ans: It gives the people right to be consulted or any other characteristics.

Q2: Who formed the majority in terms of population in Sri Lanka?
Ans: Sinhala community.

Q3: Which type of powers does the Community Government of Belgium enjoy?
Ans: This government has the power regarding culture, education and language related issues.

Q4: How and when was Sinhala recognized as the official language of Sri Lanka?
Ans: Sinhala was recognized as the official language of Sri Lanka by passing an Act in 1956.

Q5: What is the prudential reason behind power sharing.
or
Why power sharing is good for democracies?
Ans: It reduces the possibility of conflict between social groups.

Q6: Which factor is responsible for increasing the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils?
Ans: Majoritarianism.

Q7: What does the system of ‘checks and balances’ ensure in power sharing?
Ans: That none of the organs of the government can exercise unlimited power.

Q8: What measure was adopted by the democratically elected government of Sri Lanka to establish Sinhala supremacy?
Ans: Majoritarian measure.

Q9: What is the state religion of Sri Lanka?
Ans: Buddhism.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: What is power sharing? Why power sharing is important in a democracy?
Ans: (i) When the power does not rest with any one organ of the state rather it is shared among legislature, executive and judiciary, it is called power sharing.
(ii) Power sharing is important in a democracy because :
(a) It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
(b) It is the very spirit of democracy.
(c) It is a good way to ensure the stability of the political order.

Q2: In modern democracies, power is often shared among different organs of the government. Explain.
Ans: Power is shared between different organs of the government such as Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. This system of power sharing is referred to as a system of‘checks and balances’ because: All three organs are placed at the same level of power. The power distribution ensures that no organ enjoys unlimited powers. Each organ exercises a check on the others. Thus there is a balance of power. 

Q3: How can power be shared among governments at different levels? Explain.
or
Explain the vertical division of power giving example from India.
Ans: Vertical division of power: Vertical division of power means sharing of power among governments at different levels.
In India, there are three levels of the government:
a. For the entire country: Central Government/Union Government.
b. At the provincial level: State Governments.
c. At the local level (i.e., rural and urban): Local self governments like panchayats and municipal councils.

Q4: Give reasons why power sharing is desirable.
or
Why power sharing is necessary in democracy?
Explain.
or
Write one prudential and one moral reason for power sharing.
or
Why is power sharing desirable? Explain moral reasons in this regard.
or
Why power sharing is desirable? Explain giving any three prudential reasons.
Ans: Power sharing is desirable in democracy because:
(i) Prudential reasons:
(a) It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability.
(b) It is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.
(c) Imposing the will of majority community over others may look like an attractive option in the short run, but in the long run it undermines the unity of the nation.
(ii) Moral reasons: 
(a) Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise and who have to live with its effect.
(b) People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.
(c) A legitimate government is one where citizens through participation, acquire a stake in the system.

Q5: “Sharing of powers makes a country more powerful and united.” Do you agree with this statement and why?
or
“Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy”. Justify this statement with three suitable points.
or
How far do you agree with the statement that power sharing is keeping with the “Spirit” of democracy?
Ans: Power sharing keeps up with the ‘Spirit’ of Democracy as:
a. Power sharing ensures that all people have stake in government.
b. Power sharing ensures maximum participation. It upholds the concept of people’s rule. It always brings better outcomes in democracy. It ensures the political stability in democracy.
c. Power sharing accommodates diverse groups. It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

Q6: Explain any three consequences of the majoritarian policies adopted by the Sri Lankan government.
Ans: Consequences of majoritariari policies adopted by Sri Lankan Government.
a. Tamils felt the government was not sensitive about Tamil language and culture.
b. Tamils felt discriminated against in jobs and education.
c. Tamils felt the government was practising religious discrimination.
d. Relations between Tamils and Sinhalese became strained.

Q7: Explain any three consequences of the majoritarian policies adopted by the Sri Lankan Government.
Ans: Consequences of majoritarian policies adopted by Sri Lankan Government were:
a. Tamils felt the government was not sensitive about Tamil language and culture because Sinhala was declared the official language.
b. Tamils felt discriminated against securing jobs and education which were given preferentially to the Sinhala speakers.
c. Tamils felt the government was practising religious discrimination because the State fostered Buddhism. Relations between Tamils and Sinhalese became strained.

Q8: Describe the power sharing arrangement made by Belgium.
or
Explain any three elements of the Belgium model of power sharing.
Ans: The main elements of the Belgium model of power sharing includes:
a. Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central Government. Some special laws require the support of majority of members from each linguistic group. Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally.
b. Many powers of the Central Government have been given to State Governments of the two regions of the country. The State Governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.
c. Brussels had a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. The French speaking people accepted equal representation in Brussels because the Dutchspeaking community has accepted equal representation in the Central Government.

Q9: Explain how power is shared among different organs of the government.
Ans: Power is shared among different organs of government i.e., Legislature, Executive and Judiciary
a. Legislature: The legislature is concerned with passing the laws, controlling the finances of the state and delivering on matter of public importance.
b. Executive: The executive machinery implements the policies of the government and executes the rules made by the legislature bodies.
c. Judiciary: The judiciary is concerned with the interpretation of the laws and has the power to punish those who commit crimes or break the laws. The judiciary can also check the functioning of the executives.

Q10: Compare the different ways in which the Belgians and the Sri Lankans have dealt with the problem of cultural diversity. 
Ans: The Belgian leaders recognised the existence of regional and cultural diversities.
a. They amended their Constitution four times so as to work out an innovative arrangement that would enable everyone to live together in peace and harmony, i.e., there was sharing of power between the Dutch and the French both in the Central Government, State Government and Community Government. They followed a policy of accommodation.
b. This helped to avoid civic strife and division of the country on linguistic lines.
c. On the other hand, the Sinhalese who were in majority in Sri Lanka as compared to the Tamils followed a policy of majoritarianism and adopted a series of measures to establish Sinhala Supremacy by passing an Act of 1956. These measures alienated the Tamils leading to civic strife between the two communities.