5. Minerals and Energy Resources – Short Answer Questions

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Q.1. What are minerals? How are they classified?

Ans. Minerals are natural resources which are obtained from rocks. Geologists define a mineral as a “homogeneous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.” They are normally found in solid, liquid and gaseous states. They have a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. A particular mineral that will be formed from a single or certain combination of elements depends upon the physical and chemical conditions under which the material forms. Minerals are classified into metallic and non-metallic minerals and energy resources.

(a) Metals are obtained from metallic minerals. They are further subdivided into

(i) ferrous minerals containing iron, i.g. iron-ore manganese, nickel, cobalt, etc.
(ii) Non-ferrous minerals, e.g. copper, lead, tin, bauxite, etc. that do not contain iron.
(iii) Precious minerals, e.g. gold, silver, platinum.

(b) Non-metals, e.g. mica, salt, potash, sulphur, granite, limestone, dolamite, gypsum, marble, etc. lack the lustre and hardness of metals.

(c) Energy minerals are fossil fuels, e.g. coal, petroleum, natural gas used to generate energy.

Q.2. (i) What are ores? Give example.
 (ii) What are ‘placer deposits’? Give examples of minerals found in such deposits. (2010)

Ans.

(i) The term ore is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements. Minerals are usually found in ores. Metals are extracted from the ores after removing the impurities. Iron ore, bauxite (ore of aluminium), copper ore are examples of ores, from which iron, aluminium and copper are derived respectively.
(ii) Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and base of hills. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’. They generally contain minerals which are not corroded by water. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are examples of some important minerals found in ‘placer deposits’.

Q.3.  What is rat-hole mining and where in India is this type of mining done?

Ans. Rat-hole mining is a local form of coal mining prevalent in tribal areas of the north-east where some minerals like coal, iron ore, limestone and dolomite are owned by individuals and communities. In Jowai and Cherrapunji in Meghalaya, coal mining is done by family members of the tribal community in form of a long narrow tunnel. This is known as rat-hole mining.

Q.4. Why is there a pressing need to use non-conventional sources of energy in India? Explain any three reasons.
Ans.

  1. The growing consumption of energy has resulted in India becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas which are found in limited quantity on the earth.
  2. Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future, which in turn has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy.
  3. Increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental degradation like air pollution, water pollution etc.

So there is an urgent need to use sustainable energy resources like solar, water, wind, tide biomass etc.

Q.5. Which types of minerals have provided a strong base for development of metallurgical industries in India ? Which particular mineral is termed as the backbone of industrial development and why?

Ans. Ferrous minerals like iron ore, manganese etc., account for about three-fourth of the total value of the production of metallic minerals in India. As such, ferrous minerals provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries in India. These industries extract and purify the metals and produce them in usable forms for their application in various other industries. Iron ore, a ferrous mineral, is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. It is the key to progress in the present mechanical civilisation. Iron and steel made from iron ore and its alloys is used to make machines. Machines determine the development of industries. As the basic tools, implements and machines required in the industries are made of iron, industrial development is determined by iron.

Q.6. Why is mica considered to be an indispensable mineral for the electronics industry? Mention the names of the main mica-producing areas of India.

Ans. Mica is a non-conductor of electricity. Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, mica is an indispensable mineral for the electrical and electronics industries. Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading mica-producing area of India. In Rajasthan, the major mica-producing area is around Ajmer. In Andhra Pradesh, the Nellore mica belt is an important mica-producing area.

Q.7. Why are petroleum refineries termed as ‘nodal industries’?

Ans. Petroleum refineries act as a ‘nodal industry’ for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries. During fractional distillation of mineral oil, apart from petrol, diesel and kerosene which act as fuel, a number of byproducts like naptha, phyneyl, paraffin wax, asphalt or tar and a number of petrochemicals are obtained. Chemical fertilisers, insecticides and chemicals, artificial fibres and artificial rubber are products of petrochemicals. Thus, petrochemicals, provide raw materials for fertilisers, numerous chemicals, synthetic textiles, synthetic rubber and plastic industries.

4. Agriculture – Short Answer Questions

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Q1. Define agriculture. Why have cultivation methods changed significantly over years?

Ans: Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating soil, raising crops, and livestock. It meets basic human needs for food and clothing, and is one of the oldest human activities.

Over the years, cultivation methods have changed significantly due to:

  • Physical environment: Variations in climate and soil types.
  • Technological advancements: Improved tools and techniques.
  • Socio-cultural practices: Changes in community needs and traditions.

Q2. What is plantation farming? What are its main characteristics? Name some plantation crops.

Ans: Plantation farming is a form of commercial agriculture where a single crop is cultivated on a large scale for sale. This farming method is primarily found in tropical and sub-tropical regions. In India, it was introduced by the British.

The main characteristics of plantation farming include:

  • A single crop is grown over extensive land. It requires capital-intensive inputs.
  • Employs cheap local and migrant labour.
  • Needs a well-developed transport network.
  • Produces market-oriented products.

In India, important plantation crops include: Tea, Coffee, Rubber, Sugarcane, Banana.

Q3. What are millets? Why are millets very important food crops in India? 
OR 
Write a short note on the important millets grown in India.

Ans: Millets are important food crops in India, primarily including jowar, bajra, and ragi. They thrive in harsh climates with low rainfall and poor soil conditions.

Key points about millets:

  • Known as coarse grains, they have high nutritional value.
  • They are considered the poor man’s cereal due to their affordability.
  • It is a rain-fed Kharif crop, mainly grown in moist regions, requiring little irrigation.
  • Major producers of jowar include Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.

Q4. Why are some pulses known as leguminous crops? Why are they grown in rotation with other crops? Name the major pulses grown in India and the states leading in their production.

Ans: Pulses are classified as leguminous crops because their seeds grow inside pods, and their roots can fix nitrogen in the soil. This ability helps restore soil fertility, making them beneficial for crop rotation.

  • Major pulses grown in India include: Urad, Moong, Masur, Peas, Gram, Tur (Arhar).
  • The leading states in pulse production are: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka.

Q5. Define sericulture and horticulture. What is India’s position in the production of horticulture crops?

Ans: Sericulture refers to the farming of silk, specifically the rearing of silkworms to produce silk fibre. The process involves:

  • Planting mulberry trees to feed the silkworms.
  • Harvesting silk from the cocoons of the silkworms.

Horticulture is a branch of agriculture focused on growing garden plants, including: Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers and ornamental plants for landscaping. India holds a significant position in the global production of horticultural crops:

  • It is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables worldwide.
  • Approximately 13% of the world’s vegetables are produced in India. Key vegetable crops include peas, cauliflower, onions, and potatoes.

Commercial Horticulture

3. Water Resources – Short Answer Questions

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Q1: What is hydrological cycle? What is its importance?

Ans: The continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of earth is known as hydrological cycle. The freshwater is mainly obtained from surface run off and ground water that is continually being renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle. All water moves within the hydrological cycle ensuring that water is a renewable resource.

Q2: Why should we conserve and manage our water resources? How can we control overexploitation and mismanagement of water resources? State any two points that should be kept in mind for efficient management of water.

Ans: To safeguard against health hazards, ensure food security, and sustain livelihoods, it’s crucial to conserve and manage water resources, given the current issues of water scarcity and decreasing freshwater availability. Over-exploitation and mismanagement can be addressed through effective conservation practices, preventing ecosystem degradation and ecological crises. Key strategies include preventing water pollution and adopting integrated water resource management, incorporating water-saving technologies, recycling, reuse, and promoting rainwater harvesting. 

Q3: Mention a negative effect of irrigation. How can irrigation transform the social landscape?

Ans: Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions with farmers shifting to the cultivation of water-intensive and commercial crops. This has great ecological consequences. It leads to waterlogging and consequent salinisation of the soil. This is a negative effect of irrigation. As rich farmers have better access to irrigation they have earned more money due to the production of commercial crops. On the other hand, the landless poor who couldn’t avail of its benefit became poorer. Thus, irrigation has transformed the social landscape by increasing the social gap between rich landowners and the landless poor farmers.

Q4: Give examples of traditional water harvesting systems prevalent in various parts of India.

Ans: Traditional water harvesting methods in India include diversion channels like ‘guls’ and ‘kuls’ in the Western Himalayas for hilly agriculture. Meghalaya employs bamboo-drip irrigation in its hilly areas. Bengal uses inundation channels for floodplain agriculture. Rajasthan practices rainfed storage with ‘Khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ elsewhere. Rooftop rainwater harvesting, common in Rajasthan, involves underground ‘tankas’ for drinking water storage in semi-arid regions like Bikaner, Phalodi, and Barmer. 

Q5: What is rainwater harvesting? State the objectives of rainwater harvesting.

 Ans: Rainwater harvesting is an efficient method of water conservation and management. The technique of collecting and storing rainwater directly or recharging it into the ground through artificial means to improve groundwater storage is called rainwater harvesting. Conversion of agricultural fields into rainfed storage structures locally known as ‘Khadins’ and ‘Johads’ in Rajasthan
Rooftop rainwater harvesting to store drinking water in tanks or sumps for direct usage and to recharge and use groundwater for household purposes through abandoned wells or check dams, or through hand pumps during the dry season.

The objectives of rainwater harvesting are:

  • To prevent wastage and pollution of the monsoon rains.
  • To reduce runoff and control the flooding of roads.
  • To recharge and improve the quality of groundwater storage and raise the water table.
  • To meet the demands of domestic water requirements during the dry season.
  • To solve the problem of drinking water shortage especially in regions receiving less rainfall.

Q6: Why has the water shortage problem aggravated in post-independence India?

Ans: Post-independence India has experienced intensive industrialization and urbanization, straining freshwater resources. Industries, urban centers, and modern lifestyles demand extensive water for production, cooling, and power, exacerbating the depletion of sources. In addition, agricultural progress has further intensified water scarcity. The collective impact of these factors underscores a pressing issue of water shortage in post-independence India.

Q7: How has agriculture aggravated the problem of water scarcity in India Explain. 

Ans: 
(i) Water is a basic input in agriculture. It is used for irrigation.
(ii) HYV seeds needs more water as compared to traditional seeds.
(iii) Commercialisation of agriculture has also lead to withdrawal of groundwater at a large scale.
(iv) Overuse of groundwater is another problem associated with agriculture. The water table has lowered in many parts of India due to its overuse.

Q8:  Is it possible that an area or region may have ample water resources but is still facing water scarcity Explain with the help of three relevant examples. 

Ans: 
Yes, it is possible that an area or region may have ample water resources but is still facing water scarcity. Most of our cities are facing this problem.
(i) In most of our cities there is no shortage of water but the water is unfit for consumption.
(ii) Most of our cities are in the banks of rivers, but rivers have been turned into toxic streams.
(iii) The ever increasing population, industries and vehicles has made matter worse by exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources.

Q9: How does an increasing number of industries exert pressure on existing freshwater resources 

Ans: 
(i) Industries use water as coolant, raw material, solvent, etc.
(ii) Industries release harmful chemicals which contaminates water.
(iii) Most of the Indian rivers are polluted due to toxic chemicals which are released by industries.

Q10: What are dams? How do these help to conserve and manage water?

Ans:
A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.
(i) Dams were traditionally built to impound rivers and rainwater that could be used later to irrigate agricultural fields.
(ii) Dams are also source of perennial canals.

2. Forest and Wildlife Resources – Short Answer Questions

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Q1. Write a short note on India’s biodiversity. What are main factors responsible for India’s biodiversity?

India is one of the world’s richest countries in terms of its vast array of biological diversity. India has nearly 8 percent of the total number of species in the world which is estimated to be 1.6 million. A large number of species are yet to be discovered. Over 81,000 species of fauna (animals) and 47,000 species of flora (plants) are found in India.
A variety of topographical or physical features and differences in climatic conditions found in India have provided a wide variety of habitats and influenced the survival of different species of plants and animals in different parts of India. Vast biodiversity with plants and animals unique to different areas is a consequence of the variety of physical and climatic conditions prevailing in India.


Q2. Distinguish between extinct species and endangered species. Give examples.

Extinct species are those species which are not found after searches of known or likely areas where they may occur. A species may be extinct from a local area, region, country, continent or the entire earth. Examples of such species are the Asiatic cheetah, pink-headed duck. Endangered species are those species which are in danger of extinction. The survival of such species is difficult if the negative factors that have led to a decline in their population continue to operate. The examples of such species are black buck, crocodile, Indian rhino, Indian wild ass, lion-tailed, a macaque, sangai, etc. Special measures are taken to protect endangered species, for example, hunting of such animals is banned under Wildlife Protection Act.  Endangered Species

Q3. Differentiate between endemic species and rare species. Give examples.

Endemic species are found in some particular areas, usually isolated by natural or geographical barriers, for example, islands. The examples of birds and animals belonging to such species are the Andaman teal, Andaman wild pig, Nicobar pigeon and mithun in Arunachal Pradesh. Uncommon species which are seldom found are called rare species. These species are small in number and are found scattered in some distant areas because their number has depleted due to negative factors. The small population of rare species may soon fall in the category of endangered or vulnerable species if the negative factors are not controlled. Examples of rare species are the Himalayan brown bear, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert fox, hornbill, etc.


Q4. What steps have been adopted under the Indian Wildlife Act to protect the endangered species of animals?

Under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, implemented in 1972 several programmes were adopted to protect the remaining population of certain endangered species.The steps taken in this regard include:

  • banning hunting and poaching,
  • giving legal protection to the habitats of the endangered species and
  • restricting trade in wildlife 

Subsequently, central and many states, governments established national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. The central government has undertaken several projects for protecting specific animals that are gravely threatened like the tiger, the one-horned rhinoceros, the Asiatic lion, the Kashmir stag or hangul and three types of crocodile.

Q5. Large-scale development projects and mining have contributed significantly to the loss of forests. Give reasons to support this statement.

Large scale development projects and mining have contributed significantly to the loss of forests.Since 1951, over 5000 sq. km. of forests have been cleared for river valley projects. Clearing of the forest is still continuing with projects like the Narmada Sagar Project in Madhya Pradesh, which would inundate 40,000 hectares of forest. Mining for the purpose of industrial development is another major factor behind deforestation. The Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal is seriously threatened by the ongoing dolomite mining. It has disturbed the natural habitat of many species and blocked the migration route of several others, including the great Indian elephant.

1. Resources and Development – Short Answer Questions

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Q1. Distinguish between Potential Resource and Stock with the help of examples.

Example of Potential Resources

Ans: Potential Resource: A potential resource refers to resources that exist in a region but are not currently utilised. They may be:

  • Not easily accessible
  • Not fully developed for present use

Examples of Potential Resources:

  • The states of Rajasthan and Gujarat have significant potential for wind and solar energy, yet these resources remain underdeveloped.
  • The hot springs in the Himalayan region could provide geothermal energy, but development is lacking. Additionally, mineral deposits are buried in mountains and oceans, awaiting exploitation.

Stocks: Stocks are materials in the environment that can satisfy human needs, but we currently lack the technology to access them.

Examples of Stocks:

  • Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen, which could be a rich energy source. However, we do not yet have the technical knowledge to utilise these gases effectively.
  • With advancements in desalination technology, ocean water could become drinkable. Yet, we currently lack the expertise and funding for such projects.

Q2. What does the term ‘sustainable economic development’ mean? How can we eradicate irrational consumption and over-utilization of resources?

Ans: Sustainable economic development refers to growth that meets the needs of the present without harming the environment or compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

To eliminate irrational consumption and the overuse of resources, we can:

  • Focus on the conservation of resources.
  • Recognise that irrational consumption leads to various socio-economic and environmental issues.
  • Implement proper management strategies to ensure resources are preserved for future generations.

Try yourself:

What is the difference between a potential resource and a stock?

  • A.Potential resources are materials that have the capacity to fulfill human needs but have not been utilized yet, while stocks are materials that are easily accessible but not utilized due to lack of technology.
  • B.Potential resources are materials that are easily accessible but not utilized due to lack of technology, while stocks are materials that have the capacity to fulfill human needs but have not been utilized yet.
  • C.Potential resources and stocks are both materials that have the capacity to fulfill human needs but have not been utilized yet.
  • D.Potential resources and stocks are both materials that are easily accessible but not utilized due to lack of technology.

View Solution

Q3. List the problems caused due to the indiscriminate use of resources by human beings.

Ans: Indiscriminate use of resources by humans has resulted in several significant problems:

  • Depletion of resources to satisfy the greed of a few individuals.
  • Wealth accumulation in the hands of a few, leading to a divide in society between the rich and the poor.
  • Uncontrolled exploitation of resources has caused serious ecological issues, including global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution, and land degradation.

Q4. Why does the pattern of the net sown area vary from one state to another?

Ans: The pattern of the net sown area varies significantly across different states in India:

  • In Punjab and Haryana, over 80% of the total area is cultivated, benefiting from favourable geographical conditions such as climate and soil.
  • The Green Revolution has also contributed to increased cultivation in these regions.
  • Conversely, states like Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands have less than 10% of their area under cultivation.
  • The low net sown area in these states is due to:
    • Topographical constraints
    • Unfavourable climate
    • Socio-economic factors

Q5. Analyze the four main factors which help in the formation of soil.

Ans: Relief, nature of parent rock, climate, vegetation, and time are key factors in the formation of soil.

These factors contribute to the weathering of parent rocks through:

  • Climatic factors: Changes in temperature, wind, frost action, and rainfall.
  • Natural forces: Actions of running water, wind, and glaciers.

The four main factors of soil formation are:

  • Relief: Influences weathering and erosion.
  • Climate: Affects the rate of rock denudation and influences weathering.
  • Nature of parent rock: Determines soil colour, texture, and mineral content.
  • Time: Influences soil maturity, often taking millions of years to form just a few centimetres.

Q6. What is the main cause of land degradation in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh? How can it be checked?

Ans: The main cause of land degradation in Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh is primarily due to overgrazing by a large population of cattle. This practice has led to significant damage to the grasslands in these regions.

To address this issue, several measures can be implemented:

  • Planting trees and managing grazing areas effectively.
  • Implementing controls on grazing by designating specific areas for this purpose.

Q7. Where was Agenda 21 signed? What were the main provisions of Agenda 21?

Ans: Agenda 21 was signed in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The main provisions of Agenda 21 include:

  • Elimination of poverty and hunger worldwide.
  • Improvement of health and education, particularly in literacy.
  • Protection and restoration of ecosystems that support life.

Q8. Do you think the future generation may not have sufficient resources as compared to the present generations? Why?

Ans: Yes, the future generation may not have sufficient resources compared to the present generations.

  • This is largely due to human activities such as deforestation and increased agriculture and mining.
  • These activities lead to the degradation of land and the environment.
  • The rapid consumption of fossil fuels may result in their depletion, as they are non-renewable.
  • If we continue at this pace, there may not be enough resources left for future generations.

7. Life Lines of National Economy – Worksheet Solutions

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Q1: The National Highway No. 1 is also known as _____ .
(a) Mahatma Gandhi Marg
(b) Sher Shah Suri Marg
(c) Golden Quadrilateral
(d) Jawaharlal Nehru Road
Ans:  B 

Q2: The biggest port is
(a) Mumbai port
(b) Marmagao port
(c) New Mangalore port
(d) Kandla port
Ans:  A

Q3: Tourism help in the development of international understanding and ______
(a) Brotherhood
(b) National pride
(c) Culture and heritage
(d) Handicrafts
Ans:  C

Q4: What locations are connected by the longest National Highway-7?
(a) Delhi and Kanyakumari
(b) Delhi and Mumbai
(c) Jabalpur and Madurai
(d) Varanasi and Kanyakumari
Ans:  D

 Q5: Which two of the following extreme locations are connected by the East-West Corridors?
(a) Srinagar and Kanyakumari
(b) Silcher and Porbandar
(c) Mumbai and Kolkata
(d) Nagpur and Siligudi
Ans:  B

 Q6: The main type of water transport is:
(a) ocean
(b) inland waterways
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these
Ans:  A

Q7: Countries like Nepal and Bhutan are called:
(a) coastal countries
(b) landlocked countries
(c) gulf countries
(d) none of these
Ans:  B

Q8: ______ has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 2.3 million km at present.
(a) India
(b) China
(c) Bangladesh
(d) Nepal
Ans:  A

Q9: Which of the following corridors links Srinagar and Kanyakumari?
(a) North-South corridor
(b) East-West corridor
(c) North-East corridor
(d) Sout-West corridor
Ans:  A

Q10: Which of the following roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadal Yojana?
(a) Rural roads
(b) Urban roads
(c) District roads
(d) National Highways
Ans:  A

Fill In The Blank

Direction : Complete the following statements with appropriate words.
Q1: The first port developed soon after independence is  ______ .
Ans:  Kandla

Q2: ______ are the cheapest means of transport.
Ans: Waterways

Q3: With the development in ______ and ______ , the area of influence of trade and transport, expanded far and wide.
Ans: science, technology

True/False
Direction: Read each of the following statements and write if it is true or false.

Q1: The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia is National Waterway No. 1.
Ans:  True

Q2: Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd. provides helicopter services to oil and Natural Gas Corporation in its offshore operations to inaccessible areas.
Ans:  True

Q3: Marmagao port is the premier iron ore exporting port  of the country.
Ans:  True

Q4: Air travel is transport in north-eastern parts of India due to less expensive mode of transport. (True/False)
Ans:  True

Q5: Super highways are six lane highways connecting major cities and ports of the country for speedy movement of goods and passengers. (True/False)
Ans:  True

Q6: BOT stands for Build, Operate and Transfer. It means that after realising cost and profit for certain period, the roads will be transferred to the govt. as their rightful owners. (True/False)
Ans:  True

Q7: Railways can transport larger number of goods and passengers over long distances at economical cost. (True/False)
Ans:  True

Q8: Express or freeways are the national highways with 4 to 6 lanes meant to meet the requirement of fast traffic movement across the country. (True/False)
Ans:  True

Assertion And Reason Questions
DIRECTION : In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Mark the correct choice as :

Q1: Assertion : Road transportation in India faces a number of problems.
Reason : Roads are unmetalied, their network is adequate.
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Density of all roads varies, keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate, they are unmetalled and unfit for use, posing a lot of problems for transportation.

Q2: Assertion : Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.
Reason : It is a fuel-efficient and environment friendly mode of transport.
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
The reason justifies the Assertion. 

Q3: Assertion : International trade has undergone a sea of changes in the last decades.
Reason: Exchange of commodities and goods have been superseded by the exchange of information and knowledge
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
India has emerged as a software giant at the international level and it is earning large foreign exchange through the export of information technology.

Q4: Assertion : Transport and communications are called lifelines of our economy.
Reason : Transport and communications do not help in easy movement of goods and materials between countries.
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.

Transport and communications are called lifelines of our economy as they reduces distances, brings people close to another by promoting interdependence among themselves and mainly helps in trade and commerce within the country. Thus the reason is false. 

Q5: Assertion : Mass communication promotes national integration and provides entertainment.
Reason : It strengthens democracy in the country by providing news to the masses. They feel attached to the country and a feeling of Nationalism arises in them.
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Mass communication provides entertainment and helps in creating awareness among people. The reason justifies the assertion.

Q6: Assertion : Trade is considered as the economic barometer of the country.
Reason : Trading helps largely in developing countries like India. Advancement of trade is an index to its economic prosperity.
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: (a) The reason explains the assertion.

Q7: Assertion : Road transportation in India faces a number of problems.
Reason : Roads are unmetalled, their network is adequate.
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: (a) Density of all roads varies, keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate, they are unmetalled and unfit for use, posing a lot of problems for transportation.

Q8: Assertion : International trade has undergone a sea of changes in the last decades.
Reason : Exchange of commodities and goods have been superseded by the exchange of information and knowledge
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: (a) India has emerged as a software giant at the international level and it is earning large foreign exchange through the export of information technology.

Q9: Assertion : Communication is unessential requirement of human life.
Reason : Communication between people does not create awareness.
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: (d) The increase in population and the change in the modes of communication are the result of increased human movement and transport of materials and goods. These provide healthy entertainment. They are thus essential in life, thus both Assertion and reason are false.

Q10: Assertion : Cost of laying pipelines is less but subsequent running costs are maximum
Reason : Pipelines do not facilitate easy transportation of goods.
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: (d) Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal. It rules out transshipment losses and delays.
Very Short Questions
Q1: Which is the deepest landlocked and well protected port?
Ans:  Visakhapatnam is the deepest landlocked and well protected port. 

Q2: Why was Haldia port developed?
Ans:  Haldia port was developed as a subsidiary port, in order to relieve growing pressure on the Kolkata port.

Q3: What is the major objective of the super Highways?
Ans:  The major objective of the Super Highways is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India.

Q4: Why was Border Roads Organisation established in 1960?
Ans:  It was established for the development of the roads of strategic importance in the northern and north-eastern border areas.

Q5: Why are metalled roads called all weather roads.
Ans:  Metalled roads are made of cement, concrete or even belumen of coal. They do not go out of use in the rainy season. Therefore, they are called all weather roads.

Q6: Which port was the first port developed soon after the independence of India?
Ans:  Kandla in Kuchchh was the first port developed soon after the independence of India.

Q7: Where is New Mangalore port located?
Ans:  This port is located is Karnataka.

Q8: What is the major objective to develop Super Highways?
Ans: The major objective of developing Super Highways is to reduce the time and distance between the mega -cities of India.

 Q9: What is a new arrival on the transportation map of India? 
Ans: Pipeline transport network used for transportation of liquids as well as solids in slurry form.

 Q10: Which means of transport is a new arrival on the map of India? 
Ans:  Pipeline is the latest means of transport on the map of India.

Short Questions

Q1: What is pipeline transportation? Write two merits and demerits of the same.
Ans: Pipeline transport network is the new mode of transport these days. In the past, pipelines were used to transport water to cities and industries. Now, these are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants. Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.
Merits:
a. Useful in transporting liquids and solid slurry from far away locations.
b. Subsequent running costs after laying down the network are minimal.
c. It rules out transshipment losses or delays.
Demerits:
a. Initial cost of laying pipelines is high.
b. Pipelines can burst or can have leakage leading to wastage of valuable resource like water, mineral oil, etc.

Q2: ‘‘The pace of change in the communication sector has been rapid in modern times.’’ Support the statement with examples.
Ans: The pace of change in the communication sector has been rapid in modern times because of following reasons:
(i) As the pace of change has been rapid in modern times, long distance communication has become far easier without physical movement of the communicator or receiver. Personal communication has immensely improved. The Indian Postal Network, handles parcels as well as personal written communications. Cards, mails, book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals are all carried through various means of transport. Mail Channels such as Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel etc. have introduced to facilitate quick delivery of mails in large towns and cities.
(ii) The Subscriber Trunk Dialing (STD) telephone facility has marked as evolution in strengthening telecom networks in India by integrating the development in space technology with communication technology.
(iii) Mass Communication, a means of entertainment as well as a medium of creating awareness covers a wide range including radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books, and films.
Example: All India Radio (Akashvani), Doordarshan.

Q3: Why waterways are important ?
Ans: India has been one of the sea facing countries. Its importance can be judged based on the following reasons :
(i) Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.
(ii) They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
(iii) It is a fuel efficient and environment friendly mode of transport.
(iv) India’s trade with foreign countries is carried out through the ports located along the coast.
(v) 95% of the country’s trade is moved by sea.

Q4: What is the significance of the title ‘Lifelines of National economy’ ?
OR
Why are the means of transportation and communication known as the lifeline of a nation and its economy ?
Ans: The pace of development of any country depends upon the production of goods and services as well as their movement over space. Movement of these goods and service can be over three domains of earth i.e., land, water and air. Therefore, efficient means of transport are pre-requisites for fast development. They connect one part of the country to the other part and help the industries to get the raw materials as well as the finished products. It also develops a nexus among different cultures and religions. Agriculture also depends on transportation. Thus, they are known as the lifeline of an economy.

Q5: “The distribution pattern of the railway network in India has been mainly influenced by physiographic and economic factors,” Support the statement with suitable examples.
OR
Explain with example the condition responsible for in even distribution pattern of the following network in India.
Ans: The distribution pattern of the railway network in the country is largely influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors :
(i) The northern plains, with their vast stretch of level land, high density of population and rich agricultural resources, provide favourable conditions for the development of railway network. Construction of bridges over wide river beds sometimes is a hurdle.
(ii) In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracks are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels. However, the entire peninsular region, and Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh are mineral belts of India. This encourages the development of railway tracks for transport of minerals to the industries and also commutation of labourers.
(iii) The laying of railway tracks over the Himalayan belt is difficult because of the high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities.
(iv) In sandy plains of Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat and forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand also it is difficult to lay down railway tracks.
(v) The railway tracks can pass only through gaps or passes in the Sahyadri.
(vi) The Konkan railway facilitates transport of passengers and goods in the most important economic region of India.

Q6: What problems are faced by the railways ?
Ans: Today, the railways have become more important in our national economy than all other means of transport put together. However, railway transport suffers from certain problems as well.
(i) Many passengers travel without tickets.
(ii) Thefts and damaging of railway property has not yet stopped completely.
(iii) People stop the trains by pulling chains unnecessarily and this causes heavy damage to railways.

Q7: Why are transport, trade and communication complementary to each other ?
Ans: (i) For a long time, trade and transport were restricted to a limited space.
(ii) With the development of science and technology, the area of influence of trade and transport expanded far and wide.
(iii) Today, the world has been converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast moving transport.
(iv) With the help of an advanced communication system, transport has become even faster in the recent time.

Q8: Mention the three important networks of pipeline transportation in the country.
Ans: There are three important networks of pipeline transportation in the country.
(i) From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur, via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad. It has branches from Barauni to Haldia, via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to Maurigram and Guwahati to Siliguri.
(ii) From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab, via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat. It has branches to connect Koyali, Ckakshu and other places.
(iii) Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh, via Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh. It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahjahanpur, Babrala and other places in Uttar Pradesh.

Q9: What is communication ? What are the two major means of communication ?
Ans: Communication is a process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions through speech, signals, writing, or behaviour.
The two major means of communication are :
(i) Personal communication including letter, e-mail, telephone, etc.
(ii) Mass communication including television, radio, press, films, etc.

Q10: ‘‘Roadways have an edge over Railways.’’ Support the statement with examples.
Ans: Roadways have an edge over Railways because of following reason:
(i) Road transport operating cost is cheaper than rail transport.
(ii) Road transport is easy to access in hilly areas whereas in rail transport it’s difficult to reach such places.
(iii) Door to door transportation can only be provided by roadways.
(iv) Construction and maintenance cost is less in road transport whereas it’s more in rail transport.
(v) Road transport is better than rail transport to transport goods for short distance.

Long Questions Answers

Q1: Describe any five points of importance of mass communication. 
Ans: Mass communication refers to imparting and exchanging information on a large scale to a wide range of people. The significance of mass communication is shown in the following points:
i. Mass communication helps to spread the information up to the grassroots level.
Therefore, the government has made a special provision to extend 24 hours of STD facility to every village in the country.
ii. All India Radio (Akashvani) broadcasts a variety of programmes in national, regional and local languages for all people spread over different parts of the country.
iii. Doordarshan broadcasts a variety of programmes for entertainment, educational programmes to sports, etc., for people of different age groups.
iv. India publishes a large number of newspapers and periodicals in many vernacular languages that helps in nurturing the Indian culture.
v. India is the largest producer of feature films in the world. It produces short films and feature films almost in all regional languages.

Q2: Describe the significance of pipelines in India.
Ans: The significance of pipelines in India are stated as follows :
(i) They are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil fields and natural gas fields to refineries, fertiliser factories and big thermal power plants.
(ii) Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.
(iii) Because of pipelines, refineries at Barauni, Mathura, Panipat and gas based fertiliser plants, could be located in the interiors of India.
(iv) Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal.
(v) Pipelines rules out transshipment (during transportation) losses or delays.

Q3: Mention any two inland waterways of India. Write three characteristic of each.
Ans: Two inland waterways of India are :
(i) The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri.
(ii) The West-Coast canal in Kerala.
Characteristics of Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri are as follows :
(i) The waterway is 891 km long on river Brahmaputra.
(ii) Long cruise tourist vessels make voyages between Sivsagar and Dibrugarh continuously.
Thus, making it a commercially beneficial inland waterway.
(iii) Border security force deployed on this inland waterway is proving to be important base for defense of the country.
Characteristics of West-Coast canal in India are as follows :
(i) The waterway is 205 km long on the canals of Kerala.
(ii) The backwaters of Kerala prove to be cheap means of transport attracting tourists.

Q4: Define the term ‘tourism’ known as a trade ? Explain.
Ans: Tourism is defined as a visit to various places by people for cultural, recreational or commercial reasons. Tourism may be domestic or international.
Due to the following reasons tourism known as trade:
(i) Tourism plays an important role in the growth of national income. Only foreign tourists contribute 21828 crore rupees of foreign exchange.
(ii) Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three decades. More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry.
(iii) Tourism also promotes national integration, provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
(iv) Tourism also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage. Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism

Q5: “Efficient means of transport and communication has converted the world into a large village”. Explain this statement with the help of examples.
Ans: Efficient means of transport and communication has coverted the world into a larger village which can be understood through following points.
(i) Through transport and communication, we are well-linked with the rest of the world.
(ii) India is united despite its vast size, diversity and linguistic, and socio-cultural plurality.
(iii) Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and internet, etc., lead to India’s socio-economic progress in many ways.
(iv) The trades from local to international levels have added to the strength of our economy.
(v) It has enriched our life and molded the socioeconomic life of the nation.

Q6: “Roadways have an edge over the railways in India.” Support the statement with example.
Ans: The roadways have an edge over the railways in India because of the ease with which they can be built and maintained.
(i) Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography. Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and can traverse mountains such as the Himalayas. Construction of railway lines in the Himalayan mountainous regions is unfavourable because of high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. Construction of railway bridges across wide river beds sometimes cause problems, such as sinking of track, landlslides, etc.
(ii) Roadways provide door-to-door service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower. This facility is not possible in railways.
(iii) Construction cost of roadways is much lower than that of railway lines. Construction of railway lines over mountain belts, rivers, plateaus is difficult and becomes costly.
(iv) Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances. Railways are suitable for mass transportation of goods and people. It is not economically viable for short distance travel.
(v) Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport, like it may provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports. Railways always may not provide such a link.

Q7: Give a detailed study of Mass Communication.
Ans: Mass communication provides entertainment and creates awareness among people about various national programmes and policies. It is the means through which one can communicate with several people at the same time.
(i) It includes radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books and films.
(ii) All India Radio (Akash Vani or Voice from the Sky) broadcasts a variety of programmes in national,regional and local languages for various categories of people spread over different parts of the country.
(iii) Doordarshan, the national television channel of India, is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world.
(iv) Doordarshan broadcasts a variety of programmes from entertainment, educational to sports, etc., for people of different age groups.

Q8: Why is air travel more popular in the North-Eastern states of India ? Explain.
Ans: Air travel is more popular in the North-Eastern states of India due to following reasons:
(i) It can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, lifeless deserts, dense forests and also long oceanic stretches with great ease.
(ii) North-eastern part of the country is marked with the presence of big rivers, dissected relief, dense forests and frequent floods, etc. In the absence of air transport, living in this part of India is difficult.
(iii) There are international frontiers in this part of India which requires regular surveillance. So, a developed air transport is essential.
(iv) Air travel is not within the reach of the common people. It is only in the north-eastern states that special provisions are made to extend the services to the common people.

Q9: On what basis roads are classified in India ?
Ans: In India, roads are classified into the following six classes according to their capacity.
(i) Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways : The government has launched a major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata- Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six lane Super Highways.
(ii) National Highways : National Highways link extreme parts of the country. These are the primary road systems and are laid and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD). The historical Sher Shah Suri Marg is called National Highway No.1, between Delhi and Amritsar.
(iii) State Highways : Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways. These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works Department (PWD) in state and Union territories.
(iv) District Roads : District Roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district. These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad.
(v) Other Roads : Rural roads, which link rural areas and villages with towns, are classified under this category.
(vi) Border Roads : Border Roads Organization, a Government of India undertaking constructs and maintains border roads.

Q10: Highlight any five features of Hazira- Vijaipur- Jagdishpur gas pipeline. 
Ans: a. This pipeline is about 1700 km. long.
b. Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur cross country gas pipeline links Mumbai High and Bassien with the fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in western and northern India.
c. This artery has provided an impetus to India’s gas production.
d. The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural gas.
e. Use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for vehicles to replace liquid fuels is gaining wide popularity in the country.

6. Manufacturing Industries – Worksheet Solutions

by

MCQ
Q1: Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material?
(a) Aluminum
(b) Cement
(c) Plastic
(d) Automobile
Ans: B

Q2: Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?
(a) HAIL
(b) SAIL
(c) TATA Steel
(d) MNCC
Ans: B

Q3: Whjch one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?
(a) Aluminum smelting
(b) Cement
(c) Paper
(d) Steel
Ans: A

Q4: Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computers etc?
(a) Steel
(b) Electronic
(c) Aluminium smelting
(d) Information Technology
Ans: B

Q5: Most of the integrated steel plants in India are located in :-
(a) Malwa Plateau
(b) Bundelkhand Plateau
(c) Meghalaya Plateau
(d) Chotanagpur Plateau
Ans: D

Q6: Tools, implements, fertilisers, tractors, etc are supplied by:
(a) Government
(b) Industry
(c) People
(d) None of these
Ans: B

Q7: Which are the two prime factors for the location of aluminium industry?
(a) Market and cheap labour
(b) Transport network and unlimited water supply
(c) Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material
(d) None of the above
Ans: C

Q8: _________pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
(a) Thermal
(b) Industrial
(c) Noise
(d) Air
Ans: A

Q9: India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods at second place as an exporter after _________.
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Pakistan
(c) China
(d) Sri Lanka
Ans: A

Q10: Which one of the following organizations is responsible for the marketing of steel of the public sector undertaking?
(a) TISCO
(b) IISCO
(c) BHEL
(d) SAIL
Ans: D

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: “Manufacturing sector is considered as the backbone of economic development of a country.” Support the statement with examples.
Ans: Industrial sector provides the basic inputs to the agricultural sector such as tractors, harvesting machines, fertilizers etc., that make the basic inputs for the sector. It helps in modernization of the agricultural activity. The industrial sector provides employment to a large number of people and improves their economic status. These people in turn are able to buy more of the agricultural products such as food items, clothes etc. Thus the industrial sector improves employment. Because of industrial sector value is added to goods. The country can export products instead of raw materials.

Q2: Analyse the role of chemical industries in the Indian economy.
Ans: (i) It contributes approximately 3% of the GDP.
(ii) It is the 3rd largest in Asia and occupies the 6th place in the world.
(iii) It consists both large and small scale manufacturing units.
(iv) Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sector. Organic chemicals include petrochemicals which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, rubber, plastics, and dye stuffs. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, fertilizers, synthetic fibers, plastics, adhesives, paints, etc.
(v) The chemical industry is its own largest consumer with value addition.

Q3: “The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.” Support the statement with arguments.
Ans: Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of an economy because of the following reasons:
(a) Utilization of Natural Resources: Utilization of huge volume of natural resources has become possible with the development of industries in the country.
(b) Balanced Sectoral Development: Growth of Industrialization in the country can attain balanced sectoral development and it can reduce the too much dependence of the economy on the agricultural sector.
(c) Enhanced Capital Formation: Increasing volume of investment in industries has led to enhancement in the rate of capital formation in the country.
(d) Increase in National Income and Foreign Exchange: Industries contribute a good portion of the total national income of our country.
(e) Increase in Job Opportunities: It Increases the job opportunities for a large section of population of the country.
(f ) Development of Industries brings down regional economic and social disparities as incomes rise and people from different strata of the society work together.

Q4: Name three states where spinning of yarn continues to be centralised.
Ans: Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.

Q5: How many jute mills are there in India? Where are most of them located?
Ans: There are about 70 jute mills in India. Most of them are located in west Bengal, mainly along the banks of the High river, in a narrow belt.

Q6: What is the key to the success of IT Industry in India?
Ans: The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to success of IT industry in India.

Q7: What is NTPC?
Ans: NTPC i.e. National Thermal Power Corporation is a major power providing corporations in India.

Q8: Mention one challenge faced by the jute industry.
Ans: Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes and from other competitions like Bangladesh.

Q9: How many sugar mills are there in India? Where are they located?
Ans: There are over 460 super mills in India. They are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat along with Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.

Q10: What is steel used for?
Ans: Steel is used for manufacturing a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defense, medical, telephone, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.

Q11: What is regarded as the index of a country’s development?
Ans: Production and consumption of steel is regarded as the index of a country’s development.

Q12: Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement.
Ans: Cement is used for construction activity such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments. These industries use bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.

Q13: Why does the textile industry occupy a unique position in the Indian economy?
Ans: (i) The textile industry contributes significantly to industrial production. i.e. 14%.
(ii) 35 million persons are directly engaged in this industry. Thus, it is the second largest industry after agriculture in employment generation.
(iii) It contributes 4% towards GDP.
(iv) It is the only industry in India which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain, i.e. from raw material to the highest value added products.

Q14: What were the major objections of the National Jute Policy 2005? Why has been the internal demand for jute on the increase?
Ans: In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with the following objectives:
(i) To increase productivity
(ii) To improve quality
(iii) To ensure good prices to the jute farmers
(iv) To enhance the field per hectare

The internal demand for jute has been on the increase because of the following reasons:
(i) The Government of India has made the use of jute packaging mandating.
(ii) The growing global concern for environment friendly biodegradable materials has once again opened the opportunity for jute products.

Long Questions Answers
Q1: Differentiate between ago based and mineral-based industries.
Ans: Agro based industries are those industries in which agricultural products are used as raw materials. e.g. cotton, jute, silk, sugarcane and vegetable oil industries are agro-based industries where as Mineral-based industries are those industries in which minerals are used as raw materials. Iron and Steel, Cement and Chemical industries are mineral-based industries.

Q2: How are industries classified according to their main role in economy?
Ans:
i. Basic or key Industries: These industries provide basic materials for other industries like iron and steel, copper smelting and aluminium smelting.
ii. Consumer industries: These industries produce goods for direct use by consumers. E.g. sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machine, fans etc.

Q3: Describe the importance of cotton textile industries in India? Where is it distributed?
Ans: Importance:
(a) It is the largest industry in India. It gives employment to over 1.5 million people, which is about 20% of the industrial labour force in India.
(b) There are about 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country, of this 79% are in the private sector, the rest in the public and co- operative sectors.
(c) This industry support many other industries like chemical and dyes, packing material and engineering works.
Distribution:
(a) There are about 1946 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country as on 30th November 2011 , of this 80% are in the private sector, the rest in the public and cooperative sectors.
(b) Cotton textile industries are spread over 80 towns and cities in India, but most of them are concentrated in Maharashtra, Gujarat, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
(c) While spinning continued to be concentrated in Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu weaving is in decentralized sector.

Q4: State any two factors contributed towards the localization of cotton textile mills in India. Examine
some of the problems faced by the cotton textile industries today.
Ans:
(a) Wide demand or market and it is one of the traditional occupation.
(b) Better transport facilities including accessible port facilities,
(c) Adequate banking facilities and moist climate.
(d) Availability of raw cotton, electricity, labour and capital contributed towards the localization of cotton textile industries in India
(e) There are about 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country, of this 80% are in the private sector, the rest in the public and co- operative sectors.
Problems faced by the cotton textile industries:
(a) Scarcity of good quality of cotton.
(b) Obsolete machinery.
(c) Erratic powers supply.
(d) Low productivity of labour and
(e) Stiff competitions with synthetic fibre industry are the problems faced by the cotton textile industries in India.

Q5: Why are the jute textile mills concentrated along the Hughli River? Explain by giving four examples. What are the challenges facing jute industry in India?
Ans:
(a) Jute producing areas are located at the bank of the river Hughli and the textile mills should be closer to the producing areas.
(b) Hughli River is used for inexpensive transportation supported by a good network of railways and roadways to help movement of raw materials and finished products.
(c) Jute mills required a lot of water for processing jute. It is available here.
(d) Cheap labour is available in West Bengal and the neighbouring states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
(e) Banking facilities are adequate.
(f) Port facility and banking facilities are also available in West Bengal.
Challenges of jute industries:
(a) Demand for jute carpets and packing materials declined in the international market.
(b) Cost of production has increased.
(c) Stiff competition in international markets especially from Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand reduced overall demand for Indian jute products.
(d) Synthetic substitutes also posing threat to jute industry.

Q6: Why are sugar industries located near to sugarcane producing areas? Why are sugar industries migrating to South India? Name the sugar producing states in India.
Ans:

  • Sugar industries are based on sugarcane as the raw material, which is very heavy. So industries are close to its producing areas.
  • More over sugarcane is a perishable and weight losing products.
  • It should be processed without delay to prevent losing of sugar content.
  • Therefore, industries are located very close to its producing areas.

Sugar industries are migrating to South India due to the following reasons:
i. The sugar content in the sugarcane in south India is more than that of north India. So it is more profitable there.
ii. The cooler climate in this region ensures a longer crushing season.
iii. The cooperative societies are more successful in south India.
iv. Sugarcane requires a lot of water for its processing. It is available in south India.
v. Sugar industry is a labour intensive industry it requires a lot of cheap labour, which is available in south India. Hence, sugar industry is migrating to south India.
(a) There are over 662 sugar mills in the country in 2010-11. About 60% of them are located in Uttar
Pradesh and Bihar. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, and Madhya Pradesh also produce sugar.

Q7: Why are iron and steel plants located in the north eastern and southern part of Indian Peninsula?
Or
What are the relative advantage of the Chhotanagpur plateau for the development of iron and steel industry?
Ans:

  • Iron and steel industry requires low cost iron ore, high-grade coal, limestone and manganese ore as raw materials.
  • It also demands cheap labour and wide market. These are available in the north eastern and southern part of Indian peninsula.
  • Since raw materials and finished products are heavy good transport system is required for its distribution.
  • These areas have inland waterways and good network of roads. Except Vishakapatanam steel plants, all steel plants are located to in the mineral rich northeastern and southern part of Indian peninsula.
  • These industries make use of sea ports of the Indian peninsula like, Haldia, Paradip, Vishakapatnam,Chennai etc.

Q8: What is manufacturing? What is the importance of manufacturing?
Or Why is manufacturing considered the backbone of economic development of the country?
Ans:
(i) Production of goods in large number by using machines is called manufacturing.
(ii) Raw materials are converted into usable goods in this process.
(iii) We manufacture cloth from cotton, sugar from sugarcane, paper from wood etc.
The importance of manufacturing is the following:
(i) Industries play an important role in the economy of a country. The economic strength of a country is judged by the development of manufacturing industries.
(ii) Industries provide employment opportunities and reduce poverty in India. Thus, solve unemployment problem. It helps reduce dependence of people on agriculture and provide them job in secondary and tertiary activities.
(iii) Industries bring foreign exchange. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
(iv) It provides tools and implements for agriculture.
(v) It brings down regional differences by establishing industries to tribal and backward areas.

Q9: How are industries and agriculture complimentary to each other?
Ans: i. The industries in India have given a boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. It supplies irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, machines and tools, and pipes to farmers, thus increases its efficiency.
ii. Agriculture provides raw materials to agro based industries. It provides jute for jute industries, cotton for cotton textile industries, and sugar cane for sugar industries.

Q10: Name the physical and human factors that affect location of industries.
Or
Explain any four factors which influence the industrial location.
Ans:
i. Availability of raw materials, power resources, water facilities, and favourable climatic condition are the physical factors that affect the location of industries.
ii. The human factors that control the location of industries are labourers, transport facilities,market, capital, banking facilities and government policies.
iii. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centres known as agglomeration economies.
iv. Least cost of production, Government policies and availability of specialized labour also influence location of industries.

5. Minerals and Energy Resources – Worksheet Solutions

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Multiple choice Questions
Q1: Which is the oldest oil producing state of India ?
(a) Assam
(b) Gujarat
(c) Maharashtra
(d) Odisha (Orissa)
Ans: A

Q2: What percentage of total minerals areutilised by us ?
(a) 0.1%
(b) 0.2%
(c) 0.3%
(d) 0.4%
Ans: C

Q3: Which is the finest iron ore with 70% of iron ?
(a) Magnetite
(b) Hematite
(c) Bauxite
(d) All of these
Ans: A

Q4: Hydroelectricity is generated by :
(a) Water
(b) Coal
(c) Petroleum
(d) Natural gas
Ans: A

Q5: Monazite sands of Kerala is rich in :
(a) Uranium
(b) Barium
(c) Thorium
(d) Coal
Ans: C

Q6: Arrange the following states in sequence according to their share per cent of iron ore production in the year 2016- 2017 :
(i) Chhattisgarh
(ii) Karnataka
(iii) Odisha
(iv) Jharkhand
Options :
(a) (i)-(iv)-(ii)-(iii)
(b) (iii)-(i)-(ii)-(iv)
(c) (iv)-(ii)-(iii)-(i)
(d) (i)-(ii)-(iv)-(iii)
Ans: B

Q7: In which of the following states is Kalpakkam Nuclear power plant located ?
(a) Gujarat
(b) Odisha
(c) Kerala
(d) Tamil Nadu
Ans: D

Q8: India is highly dependent on ______ for meeting its commercial energy requirements.
(a) water
(b) nuclear
(c) tidal energy
(d) coal
Ans: D

Q9: Complete the statement with appropriate word. After all, “energy saved is energy ______”.
(a) produced
(b) conserved
(c) used
(d) polluted
Ans: A

Q10: India is highly dependent on ______ for meeting its commercial energy requirements.
(a) water
(b) nuclear
(c) tidal energy
(d) coal
Ans: D

Assertion and Reasoning Based Questions
Mark the option which is most suitable:
Q1: Assertion : Most nuclear power stations in India have been constructed near water sources.
Reason : These power stations require a lot of water for cooling purposes.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Ans: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Q2: Assertion : Uses of iron brought a radical change in human life.
Reason : Different kinds of tools where invented by using minerals.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Ans: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Q3: Assertion : Conservation of energy resources is essential.
Reason : Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Ans: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Q4: Assertion : Mica is a metallic mineral.
Reason : Mica mineral is the basic raw material for electric and electronic industries.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Ans: (d) A is false but R is true.

Very Short Questions
Q1: Why should the use of cattle cake as fuel be discouraged?
Ans:  (a) It creates pollution (b) By burning a manure resource is destroyed, which can improve soil fertility. 

Q2: Mention any four conventional sources of energy.
Ans: Firewood, cattle dung cake, coal and natural gas are conventional sources of energy. 

Q3: Mention any four unconventional sources of energy.
Ans: Solar, wind, tidal and bio-gas are the unconventional sources of energy. 

Q4: Which is the most abundantly available fossil fuel?
Ans: Coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel. 

Q5: How is coal formed?
Ans: Coal is formed due to the compression of plant material over millions of years. 

Q6: Which is the most popular coal for commercial use?
Ans: Among the four forms of coal the most popular coal for commercial use is bituminous.

Q7: Which kind of mineral is found in Rajasthan?
Ans: Non-ferrous minerals are found in Rajasthan.

Q8: In which form minerals are found ?
Ans: Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc.

Q9: Which is an important mineral for the industries ?
Ans: Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore.

Q10: Which are the major iron ore belts in India ?
Ans: The major iron ore belts in India are –
(i) Odisha-Jharkhand belt,
(ii) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt,
(iii) Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru and
(iv) Maharashtra-Goa belt.

Short Questions for Class 10 Social Science Minerals and Energy Resources

Q1: Describe any three characteristics of ‘Odisha-Jharkhand belt’ of iron ore in India.
Ans: The Odisha-Jharkhand Belt has the following characteristics :
(i) Odisha is rich in hematite ore of high grade.
(ii) Hematite ore is found in the Badampahar mines, which are located in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts.
(iii) Hematite iron ore is also found in the Gua and Noamundi mines, which are located in the Singbhum district of Jharkhand. 

Q2: Which is the next major energy source in India after coal and why ? Name its most important its source in India ?
Ans: Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal. It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries. Petroleum refineries act as a ‘nodal industry’ for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.
Mumbai High is the most important oil field of India which produces two-thirds of India’s petroleum. Other oil fields are Ankeleshwar in Gujarat and Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran-Hugrijan in Assam. 

Q3: How is coal important to industries ?
Ans: Coal is an important resource for industries :
(i) It is an indispensable raw material for iron and steel.
(ii) It is also a raw material for chemical industries and synthetic textile industries.
(iii) Many coal based products are processed in industries e.g., coal tar, graphite, soft coke, etc.
(iv) Power generation industry is mainly based on this fossil fuel. 

Q4: What are the different types of coal ?
Ans: The different types of coal are :
(i) Anthracite
(ii) Bituminous
(iii) Lignite
(iv) Peat 

Q5: What are the two main ways of generating electricity ?
Ans: Electricity has such a wide range of application in today’s world that its precipitate consumption is considered as an index of development. Electricity is generated mainly in two ways : by running water which drives hydroturbines to generate hydroelectricity; and by burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal power. 

Q6: Why heavy industries and thermal power stations should be located on or near the coal fields ?
Ans: In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel. It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs. It is used for power generation, to supply energy to industry, as well as for domestic needs. India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirements. Coal is formed due to the compression of plant material over millions of years. Coal is therefore found in a variety of forms. It is a bulky material, which loses weight on use as it is reduced to ashes. Hence, heavy industries and thermal power stations should be located on or near the coal fields. 

Q7: India now ranks as a “wind super power” in the world. Explain.
Ans: India is blessed with an abundance of sunlight, water, wind and biomass. It has the largest programmes for the development of these renewable energy resources. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. Apart from this region, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshyadweep have important wind farms. Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are also well known for effective use of wind energy in the country. Therefore, India now ranks as a ‘wind super power; in the world.

Q8: Write about the formation of tidal energy.
Ans: To generate tidal energy oceanic tides are used. Floodgates dams are built across inlets. During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is  closed. After the tide falls outside the floodgate, the water retained by the floodgate flows back to the sea via pipes that carries it through a power-generating turbine. 

Q9: Explain with an example that aluminum was widely used by the emperors of France.
Ans: After the discovery of aluminium, it was widely used by the emporors of France.
i. Emperor Napoleon III wore buttons and hooks on his clothes made of aluminium.
ii. Food was served to his more illustrious guests in aluminium utensils and the less honorable ones were served in gold and silver utensils.
iii. Thirty years after this incident aluminium bowls were most common with the beggars in Paris.

Q10: Why should we use renewable energy resource? Explain with arguments.
Ans:  In the present circumstances particularly in India there is a pressing need to use renewable energy resources because :
1. Non-renewable resources are limited and will get exhausted in few decades, thus there is a need to use inexhaustible energy resources such as solar power, for sustainable development.
2. There has been a rapid depletion of nonrenewable resources like coal, gasoline, petroleum that took millions of years to form. Thus, it makes immense sense to use renewable nonpolluting energy resources.
3. Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum products etc., create pollution which has resulted in environmental degradation making clean energy an urgent requirement.
4. Newer sources of fossil fuels are becoming more and more difficult to find hence they have become more expensive. Thus, it again points to adaptation to renewable energy sources like solar, geothermal wind energy etc.

Long Questions Answers
Q1: How is iron ore distributed in India?
Ans: (i) Odisha Jharkhand belt : In Odisha, high grade hematite ore is found in Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts. In the adjoining Singbhum district of Jharkhand, hematite iron ore is mined in Gua and Noamundi.
(ii) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt : It lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Very high grade hematites are found in the famous Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. The ranges of hills comprise 14 deposits of super high grade hematite iron ore. It has the best physical properties needed for steel making.
(iii) Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt : Karnataka has large reserves of iron ore. The Kudremukh mines located in the Western Ghats of Karnataka are a 100 per cent export unit. Kudremukh deposits are known to be one of the largest in the world.
(iv) Maharashtra-Goa belt : It includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. Though, the ores are not of very high quality, yet they are efficiently exploited. 

Q2: What is Geothermal energy ?
Ans: Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth. Geothermal energy exists because; the Earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth. Where the geothermal gradient is high, high temperatures are found at shallow depths. Groundwater in such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot. It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity. There are several hundred hot springs in India, which could be used to generate electricity. Two experimental projects have been set up in India to harness geothermal energy. One is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga valley, Ladakh. 

Q3: What are the benefits of using non-conventional sources of energy ? What sense of duty it promotes ?
Ans: The benefits of using non-conventional sources of energy are enumerated as follows :
(i) Reduces pollution.
(ii) Reduces burden on conventional sources.
(iii) Environmental friendly.
It promotes the following sense of duties :
(i) Concern for future generation.
(ii) Thoughtfulness about resources.
(iii) Lends hand to sustainable development.

Q4: We use different things in our daily life made from metal. List a number of 10 items used in your house made of metals.
Ans: Ten items used in a household which are made of metals are :
(i) Gas stove
(ii) Lighter
(iii) Television
(iv) Fridge
(v) Mixer grinder
(vi) Iron
(vii) Juicer
(viii) Utensils
(ix) Almirah
(x) Washing machine

Q5: What are the different forms of coal ? Which is the highest quality coal ?
Ans: In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel. It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs.
Different forms of coal are :
(i) Peat : Decaying plants in swamps produce peat which has a low carbon and high moisture contents and low heating capacity.
(ii) Lignite : It is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The principal lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and are used for the generation of electricity.
(iii) Bituminous : Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperature is bituminous coal. It is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces.
(iv) Anthracite : It is the highest quality hard coal and contains 80% of carbon. 

Q6: ‘Consumption of energy in all forms has been rising all over the country. There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development and energy saving’. Suggest and explain any three measures to solve this burning problem.
Ans: Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. The strategy of economic development that India adopted since Independence necessarily required increasing amount of energy consumption. As a result, consumption of energy in all forms has been rising. To take care of this concern various measures that need to be adopted are as follows :
(i) We need to increase the use of renewable energy resources like solar, wind power, biogas, tidal energy and geothermal energy. This will decrease the dependence on non-renewable energy resources.
(ii) We have to adopt a cautious approach for judicious use of our limited energy resources. For example, as a concerned citizen, we can use public transport system in place of individual vehicle.
(iii) Another measure that needs to be adopted is promotion of energy conservation, e.g., switching off electrical devices when not in use, using power saving devices. 

Q7: Explain any five points of significance of bio-gas generation in the rural areas of India.
Ans: (i) Biogas is produced from shrubs, farm waste, animal and human wastes. It is mostly used for domestic consumption in rural areas.
(ii) Decomposition of organic matter yields gas, which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.
(iii) Biogas plants are set up at municipal, cooperative and individual levels. Biogas plants using cattle dung are known as Gobar gas plants in rural India.
(iv) These provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and improved quality of manure.
(v) Biogas makes the most efficient use of cattle dung.
(vi) It prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes. 

Q8: Highlight the importance of petroleum. Explain the occurrence of petroleum in India.
Ans:  Importance of Petroleum are as follows :
(i) Petroleum is the major energy source in India.
(ii) It provides fuel for heat and lighting.
(iii) It provides lubricant for machinery.
(iv) It provides raw material for a number of manufacturing industries.
(v) Petroleum refineries act as core industry for synthetic, textile, fertilizer and chemical industries. Availability :
(i) Most of the petroleum reserves in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps.
(ii) In regions of folding anticline or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crust of the upfold.
(iii) Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. 

Q9: “Minerals are unevenly distributed in India.” Support the statement with examples.
Ans: (I) India is fortunate to have fairly rich and varied mineral resources. However, they are unevenly distributed.
(II) Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica and many other one metallic minerals.
(III) Sedimentary rocks on the Western and eastern flanks of peninsula, in Gujarat and assam have most of the petroleum deposits.
(IV) Rajasthan with the rock system of the peninsula has reserve of many now ferrous minerals.
(V) The vast alluvial plains of North India are almost devoid of economic minerals.

Q10: Highlight the importance of petroleum. Explain the occurrence of petroleum in India.
Ans: Importance of petroleum:
(1)Petroleum is the major energy source in India.
(2) Provide fuel for heat and lightning.
(3) Provide lubricant for machinery.
(4) Provide raw material for a number of manufacturing industries.
(5) Petroleum refineries act as nodal industry for synthetic, textile, fertilizer and chemical industries.
Its occurrence:
1. Most of the petroleum occurrence in India are associated with Anticlines and fault traps.
2. In regions of folding, anticline or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold.

4. Agriculture – Worksheet Solutions

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Multiple Choice Questions

Q1: What population of India is engaged in agricultural activities?
(a) Two-Third
(b) Three-Fourth
(c) One-Fourth
(d) Two-Fourth
Ans: A

Q2: What is ‘Boro’?
(a) Kharif crop
(b) Zaid crop
(c) Rabi crop
(d) None of these
Ans: A

Q3: Which out of the following is a Zaid crop?
(a) Moong
(b) Mustard
(c) Urad
(d) Watermelon
Ans: D

Q4: Which of the following farming practice depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions?
(a) Commercial farming
(b) Intensive subsistence farming
(c) Primitive subsistence farming
(d) Plantation
Ans: C

Q5: Tick the characteristics of commercial farming.
(a) Plots of land are fragmented.
(b) Transport and communication plays an important role.
(c) The yield is usually low.
(d) The pressure of population is high on land.
Ans: B

Q6: Watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops are the types of
(a) Zaid crop
(b) Kharif crop
(c) Rabi crop
(d) None of these
Ans: A

Q7: Which of the following is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India?
(a) Jowar
(b) Bajra
(c) Wheat
(d) Rice
Ans: D

Q8: Which type of agriculture practice is famous in North-Eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland?
(a) Jhumming
(b) Slash and burn farming
(c) Commercial farming
(d) Subsistence farming
Ans: A

Q9: The crop that is used both, as food and fodder.
(a) ragi
(b) jowar
(c) maize
(d) none of these
Ans: B

Q10: Aus, aman and boro are types of which crop?
(a) Maize
(b) Paddy
(c) Jowar
(d) Bajra
Ans: B

Fill in the Blank

Q1: Agriculture provides livelihood to more than 63 percent of India’s ………. .
Ans: population

Q2: The three types of tea are ………. , ………. , ………. .
Ans: Green, black, oolong

Q3: India has three cropping seasons: ………. , ………. and ………. .
Ans: rabi, kharif, zaid

Q4: ………. is a name given to ‘slash and burn’ agriculture in North-Eastern States of India.
Ans: Jhumming

Q5: Millets are also called ………. .
Ans: Coarse grains

True/False
Q1: Intensive subsistence farming is a bush or tree farming.
Ans: False

Q2: Kharif crop requires temperature between 21cC to 27cC.
Ans: True

Q3: Agriculture is an age-old and a primary economic activity.
Ans: True

Q4: Coffee plantations are located in Odisha, Bengal and Bihar.
Ans: False

Q5: Crops grown between March and June are known as ‘Zaid’ crops.
Ans: False

Assertion and Reason Type Questions

Direction: In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Mark the correct choice as :
Q1: Assertion : Biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
Reason : Doses of biochemical input are used to grow crops rapidly.
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: A 

Q2: Assertion : Tea cultivation, is a labour – intensive industry.
Reason : Cultivation can be done throughout the year .Tea bushes require warm and moist frost- free climate.
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: B

Q3: Assertion : Crops are grown depending upon the variations in soil, climate and cultivation practices.
Reason : Crops are also grown according to availability of water.
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: B

Q4: Assertion : Plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.
Reason : Plantation is a type of commercial farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: A  

Q5: Assertion : Organic farming is much in vogue.
Reason : In organic forming, crops are grown using high doses to increase production.
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: C

Q6: Assertion : India’s primary activity is Agriculture.
Reason : Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities.
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: A 

Q7: Assertion : Pulses are not considered as a major source of protein in a vegetarian diet.
Reason : Rice is a rabi crop and requires lot of rain to grow.
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: D

Q8: Assertion : Agriculture is not an old economic activity.
Reason : Farming varies from subsistence to commercial type.
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: D  

Q9: Assertion : apple food crop in India is rice and requires less rain.
Reason : Our country is the fourth largest producer of rice in the world.
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: C

Very Short Answer Type Questions
Q1: Name the crops for which India is the largest producer in the world.
Ans: Fruits and vegetables, oilseeds and pulses

Q2: Describe ‘Jhumming cultivation’ in one sentence.
Ans: ‘Slash and burn’ cultivation in North- Eastern states of India.

Q3: In which states three crops of paddy are grown ? Which are they ?
Ans: 1. In states like Assam, West Bengal and Orissa three crops of paddy are grown.
2. Three crops are Aus, Aman and Boro. 

Q4: What type of crop is wheat ?
Ans: It is a cereal crop. It is the main food crop in north and north-western part of India

Q5: When does the zaid season fall ?
Ans: Zaid season falls in between the rabi and kharif seasons during summer months.

Q6: Mention India’s cropping seasons.
Ans: India has three cropping seasons e.g., rabi, kharif and zaid.

Q7: In the areas of less rainfall how does rice grow ?
Ans: In the areas of less rainfall i.e., less than 100 cm, rice grows with the help of irrigation.

Q8: What is other name of primitive subsistence farming ?
Ans: It is known as ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.

Q9: Which are important wheat-growing zones in India ?
Ans: There are two important wheat growing zones in the country – the Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-west and black soil region of the Deccan.

Q10: Which are important kharif crops ?
Ans: Important kharif crops are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean.

Q11: By which other name is ‘slash and burn’ agriculture known?
Ans:  Primitive subsistence farming/jhumming

Q12: Hoe, dao, digging sticks are associated with which type of farming?
Ans: Primitive subsistence farming.

Q13: Which crop is the major crop of rabi?
Ans: Wheat

Q14: Name the two important wheat growing zones in India.
Ans: The Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-west and black soil region of the Deccan.

Q15: Name some plantation crops.
Ans: Tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane and banana.

Q16: Which two areas of India produce oranges mainly?
Ans: Nagpur in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.

Q17: India is the largest producer as well as consumer of which agricultural product in the world?
Ans: Pulses.

Q18: Which crop is known as golden fibre?
Ans: Jute.

Q19: In which type of soil does maize grow well?
Ans: Old alluvial.

Q20: What type of soil is suited for cultivation of tea?
Ans: Deep fertile well drained soil rich in humus and organic matter is suited for cultivation of tea.

Q21: Mention two characteristics of commercial farming.
Ans: High doses of fertilisers and pesticides are used in commercial farming.

Q22: Which price is announced by the government in support of a crop?
Ans: Minimum Support Price is announced by the government in support of a crop.

Q23: Name four major wheat producing states in India.
Ans: Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh are the four major wheat producing states in India

Short Answer Type Questions
Q1: Define plantation farming. What are its main characteristics? Name any five plantation crops of India.
Ans: Plantation farming is a bush or tree farming. In this type of farming a single crop in grown on a large area. Characteristics – This type of agriculture is found in:
(1) Hilly areas or North India, Sub Himalayas, W Bengal, Nilgiris, Andaman and cardamom hills.
(2) The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.
(3) Covers large areas of land.
(4) It is capital intensive, i.e it requires expensive inputs, requires skilled laboureres.
(5) All the production is used as raw material in respective industries. The important crops are tea, coffee, banana, sugarcane etc.

Q2: Give the characteristics of commercial farming?
Ans: (1) Use of higher doses of modern inputs, that is high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity.
(2) Agriculture goods are mainly produced for sale.
(3) The main crops are rice, millets, spices, cotton, etc. The farmer can sell them on commercial lines.
(4) The degree of commercialization varies from one region to another. For example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Orissa, it is subsistence farming.

Q3: What is slash and burn agriculture?
Ans: In this farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other crops to sustain their family, when the soil looses its fertility, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. Nature replenishes the fertility of soil through natural processes. Land productivity in this type of agriculture is low, because the farmers do not use fertilizers or other modern inputs. It is generally known as shifting agriculture, but also known in different names in different parts of the country

Q4: Define subsistence farming and give its main characteristics.
Ans: Refers to an agricultural system where crops are produced for self use or for circulation within the social networks for ritual, ceremonial exchange purpos, and some food may be sold in the market.
Characteristics:-
(a) Small scattered land holding.
(b) Primitive tools.
(c) Farmers being poor do not use fertilizers and high yielding quality seeds as per requirement, facilities like electricity, irrigation, generally is not available to farmers.
(d) It has given way to commercial agriculture to some extent.

Q5: What are the different types of farming / agriculture practiced in India?
Ans: (1) Primitive Subsistence Farming – Known by different name in different parts of India, subdivided into shifting agriculture.
(2) Intensive Subsistence Farming – Practiced in areas of high population pressure. It is labour intensive.
(3) Commercial Farming – Includes plantation farming.

Q6: Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.
Ans: It is a kharif crop, which requires – (a) High Temperature – above 15. C and high humidity.
(b) Rainfall – Annual rainfall above 100cms. In areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
(c) Plains of North and North-eastern India, coastal areas and deltaic regions are suitable for the growth of rice.

Q7: How have technological and institutional reforms been able to improve the conditions of Indian farmers?
Ans: The Zamindari system in which property rights are vested on absentee landlords was abolished after India became independent. Ownership rights were transferred to the actual tillers of the land. The new land owners made improvements on their lands. This led to increase in yields.
Land ceiling acts were passed to ensure that no person could hold agricultural land beyond a specified limit. The excess land was distributed among the landless labourers.
Small land holdings scattered over various places were consolidated through the Consolidation of holdings Acts passed by the State legislatures. This resulted in farmers being able to fence their lands, sink wells and use modern agricultural machinery. Formation of Corporative societies helped farmers get seeds, pesticides and fertilizers at economical prices. All these helped improve the condition of the Indian farmers.

Q8: What is the importance of agriculture on Indian economy? Name 3 features of Indian agriculture.
Ans: a. India is an agricultural country.
b. Nearly two-thirds of its population depends directly on agriculture for its livelihood.
c. Agriculture is the main stay of India’s economy.
d. It accounts for 26% of the gross domestic product.
e. It ensures food security for the country and produces several raw materials for industries.
f. Agricultural development is therefore, a precondition of our national prosperity.
Features
a. Farmers own small piece of land and grow crops primarily for their own consumption.
b. Animals play a significant role in the various kinds of agricultural activities.
c. Farmers depend mainly upon monsoon rains 

Q9: Describe various technological and institutional reforms, which led to Green and White revolutions in India.
Ans: The various technological and institutional reforms consist of various measures taken by the Central and State governments from time to time. Flooding of fields with water is now being replaced by drip irrigation and the use of sprinklers. Chemical fertilizers are being used on a large scale, to increase the farm yields. Bio- fertilisers are now supplementing them. High yielding and early maturing quality seeds have been developed. Most of these technology inputs gave birth to Green Revolution in sixties and seventies of twentieth century. White Revolution followed the Green Revolution.

3. Water Resources – Worksheet Solutions

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Multiple Choice Questions

Q1: Rana pratapsagar dam located in?
(A) Odisha
(B) Uttrakhund
(C) Rajasthan
(D) Andrapradesh
Ans: C

Q2: Bamboo drip irrigation system is prevalent in.
(A) Manipur
(B) Meghalaya
(C) Mizoram
(D) Chhattisgarh
Ans: B

Q3: The Hirakud project was built in _______ basin.
(A) Indus
(B) Mahanadi
(C) Ganga
(D) Ravi
Ans: B

Q4: The Narmada Bachao Aandolan was associated with which state?
(A) Gujarat
(B) Himachal Pradesh
(C) Uttrakhand
(D) Karnataka
Ans: A

Q5: The remote village that has earned the rare distinction of being rich in rain wateris.
(A) Gari
(B) Kaza
(C) Gendathur
(D) None of these
Ans: C

Q6: Name the village where almost all the house traditionally had tankas.
(A)Rajasthan
(B) Odisha
(C) Tamil Nadu
(D) Maharastra
Ans: A

Q7: Which of the following river is not having any multipurpose river project?
(A) Sutlej
(B) Mahanadi
(C) Yamuna
(D) Narmada
Ans: C

Q8: During whose reign were the dams, lakes and irrigation system built extensively?
(A) Ashoka
(B) Akbar
(C) Chandragupta Maurya
(D) None of these
Ans: C

Q9: What where “guls”
(A) Reservoir
(B) Artificial lake
(C) Diversion channel
(D) None of these
Ans: C

Q10: Tehri dam Andolan is mainly concerned with the state of?
(A) Uttarakhand
(B) Chhattisgarh
(C) Jharkhand
(D) None of these
Ans: A

Very Short Answer Type Questions
Q1: Name any one river valley project which has significantly contributed to the loss of forests.
Ans:  Sardar Sarovar Dam.

Q2: How much percent of the total volume of world’s water is estimated to exist as fresh water?
Ans: 2.5 percent.

Q3: What are the causes of water scarcity?
Ans:  Rapid growth of population, uneven distribution of water resources and increase in demand of water.

Q4: On which river has the Hirakud Dam been constructed?
Ans:  River Mahanadi.

Q5: Who proclaimed dams as the temples of modem India?
Ans: Jawaharlal Nehru.

Q6: Name two social movements which were against the multipurpose projects.
Ans: Narmada Bachao Andolan and Tehri Dam Andolan.

Q7: On which river the Salal Dam is built?
Ans:  Chenab.

Q8: Which water is recharged by the roof-top rainwater harvesting technique?
Ans: Groundwater.

Q9. In which state is the Bamboo Drip Irrigation system practised?
Ans. Meghalaya

Q10: In which region, people build ‘Guls’ or ‘Kuls’ for irrigation?
Ans: Western Himalayas.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: Mention any four main objectives of multi -purpose river valley projects. Name any two Multipurpose Projects of India. 
OR
What is a multipurpose river valley project? Mention any four objectives of it. 
Ans: A project where many uses of the impounded water are integrated with one another is known as multipurpose project. It is built for irrigation, power generation, water supply, flood control, recreation, etc.

Q2: Explain the working of underground tanks as a part of roof top rainwater harvesting system practised in Rajasthan.
OR
How were the underground tanks beneficial to the people of Rajasthan? Explain. 
OR
Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semiarid regions of Rajasthan is carried out. 
Ans:  a. In semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks for storing drinking water.
b. They are extremely reliable source of drinking water when other sources are dried up. This is considered the purest form of natural water.
c. The tanks can be as large as big rooms.
d. The tanks were part of the well- developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system.
e. The tanks were built inside the main house or the courtyard giving cooling effect to the rooms in the summer.
f. Those tanks were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
g. Rain falling on these rooftops would travel down the pipe and stored in these underground tanks.
h. Usually first: rain water is not collected to clean the rooftop and the pipe. 

Q3: How have intensive industrialization and urbanization posed a great pressure on existing freshwater resources in India. Explain.
OR
How does urbanization and urban lifestyle lead to over exploitation of water resources? Explain.
OR
How have intensive industrialization and urbanization posed a great pressure on existing freshwater resources in India? Explain.
Ans: Post independent India witnessed intensive industrialisation and urbanisation.
a. Arrival of MNC’s: Apart from fresh water they require electricity which comes from hydroelectric power.
b. Multiplying urban centers with large and dense populations and urban life styles have not only added to water and energy requirements, but have further aggravated the problem.
c. Large-scale migration from rural to urban areas is causing over exploitation of water resources.

Q4:  List any three advantages and three disadvantages of multipurpose river project.
OR 
What are the advantages and disadvantages of multipurpose river project.
Ans:  Advantages:
a. These are the main source of power generation.
b. They provide us neat, pollution free and cheapest energy which is the backbone of industry and agriculture.
c. These projects control the floods because water can be stored in them. These projects have converted many, ‘rivers of sorrows’ into ‘rivers of boon’.
d. These projects are the main source of irrigation and also help in conserving soil.
Disadvantages:
a. Due to the construction of dams, there are no adequate floods in the river. Because of this, the soil of the downstream region does not get nutrient rich silt.
b. Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate for spawning, i.e., to produce eggs.
c. It resulted in displacement of local communities.
The local people often have to give up their land and livelihood and their meagre access and control over resources for the greater need of the nation.

Q5: Describe any three traditional methods of rainwater harvesting adopted in different parts of India.
or
Describe any three different rainwater harvesting systems practised in India.
or
“Rainwater harvesting system is viable alternative both socially, economically and environmentally”. Support the statement with three examples.
Ans: a. In hilly and mountainous regions, people build diversion channels like ‘gul’ or ‘kul’ in Western Himalaya for agriculture.
b. Roof-top rainwater harvesting was commonly practised to store drinking water particularly in Rajasthan.
c. In West Bengal, people develop inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
d. In semi-arid regions agricultural fields are converted into rainfed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moist the soil

Q6: Why is groundwater a highly overused resource?
Ans: Groundwater is a highly overused resource because of the following reasons:
a. Due to large and growing population and consequent greater demands for water and unequal access to it.
b. To facilitate higher food grain production for large population, water resources are being over exploited to expand irrigated areas and dry season agriculture.
c. In the housing societies or colonies in the cities, there is an arrangement of own ground water pumping devices to meet water needs.

Q7: Explain the working of underground tanks as a part of roof top rainwater harvesting system practised in Rajasthan.
or
How were the underground tanks beneficial to the people of Rajasthan? Explain.
or
Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semiarid regions of Rajasthan is carried out.
Ans: a. In semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks for storing drinking water.
b. They are extremely reliable source of drinking water when other sources are dried up. This is considered the purest form of natural water.
c. The tanks can be as large as big rooms.
d. The tanks were part of the well- developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system.
e. The tanks were built inside the main house or the courtyard giving cooling effect to the rooms in the summer.
f. Those tanks were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
g. Rain falling on these rooftops would travel down the pipe and stored in these underground tanks.
h. Usually first: rain water is not collected to clean the rooftop and the pipe.

Q8: Mention any four main objectives of multi -purpose river valley projects. Name any two Multipurpose Projects of India.
or
What is a multipurpose river valley project? Mention any four objectives of it.
Ans: A project where many uses of the impounded water are integrated with one another is known as multipurpose project. It is built for irrigation, power generation, water supply, flood control, recreation, etc.

Q9: What is Bamboo Drip Irrigation? Mention any two features of it.
Ans: Bamboo Drip Irrigation system is a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipe and transporting water from higher to lower regions through gravity.
Features:
a. 18-20 liters of water enters the bamboo pipe system, get transported over hundreds of meters and finally reduces to 20-80 drops per minute at the site of the plant.
b. The flow of water into the pipes is controlled by manipulating the pipe positions.

Q10: How have intensive industrialization and urbanization posed a great pressure on existing freshwater resources in India. Explain.
or
How does urbanization and urban lifestyle lead to over exploitation of water resources? Explain.
or
How have intensive industrialization and urbanization posed a great pressure on existing freshwater resources in India? Explain.
Ans: Post independent India witnessed intensive industrialisation and urbanisation.
a. Arrival of MNC’s: Apart from fresh water they require electricity which comes from hydroelectric power.
b. Multiplying urban centers with large and dense populations and urban life styles have not only added to water and energy requirements, but have further aggravated the problem.
c. Large-scale migration from rural to urban areas is causing over exploitation of water resources.

Long Answer Type Questions
Q1: Why is roof-top water harvesting important in Rajasthan? Explain. 
Ans:  Roof top water harvesting is important in Rajasthan because:
a. It was commonly practised to store drinking water.
b. The rainwater can be stored in the tanks till the next rainfall, making it an extremely reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up, particularly in the summers.
c. Rain water, or palar pani, as commonly referred to in these parts, is considered the purest form of natural water.
d. Many houses construct underground rooms adjoining the ‘tanka’ to beat the summer heat as it would keep the room cool.
e. Some houses still maintain the tanks since they do not like the taste of tap water.

Q2: Describe any four traditional methods of rainwater harvesting adopted in different parts of India.
Ans:  Methods of rainwater harvesting used in India are:
a. Guls and Kuls: People built guls and kuls in hilly and mountainous regions to divert water. These are simple channels. They are mainly used in the Western Himalayas.
b. Roof top rainwater harvesting: Commonly practised to store drinking water in Rajasthan.
c. Inundation Channels: These channels developed in the flood plains of Bengal to irrigate fields.
d. Khadins and Johads: In arid and semi-arid regions, some agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures. These structures are found in Rajasthan.
e. Tankas: The tankas were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’. The first spell of rain was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent showers was then collected. The rainwater can be stored in the tankas. 

Q3: Describe any four traditional methods of rainwater harvesting adopted in different parts of India.
Ans: Methods of rainwater harvesting used in India are:
a. Guls and Kuls: People built guls and kuls in hilly and mountainous regions to divert water. These are simple channels. They are mainly used in the Western Himalayas.
b. Roof top rainwater harvesting: Commonly practised to store drinking water in Rajasthan.
c. Inundation Channels: These channels developed in the flood plains of Bengal to irrigate fields.
d. Khadins and Johads: In arid and semi-arid regions, some agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures. These structures are found in Rajasthan.
e. Tankas: The tankas were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’. The first spell of rain was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent showers was then collected. The rainwater can be stored in the tankas.

Q4: Why is roof-top water harvesting important in Rajasthan? Explain.
Ans: Roof top water harvesting is important in Rajasthan because:
a. It was commonly practised to store drinking water.
b. The rainwater can be stored in the tanks till the next rainfall, making it an extremely reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up, particularly in the summers.
c. Rain water, or palar pani, as commonly referred to in these parts, is considered the purest form of natural water.
d. Many houses construct underground rooms adjoining the ‘tanka’ to beat the summer heat as it would keep the room cool.
e. Some houses still maintain the tanks since they do not like the taste of tap water.

Q5: India is heading towards water scarcity trace to possible solution to tackle this problem.
Ans: The major concern now in the country is water scarcity which can be tackled with the help of following methods
1. Interlinking of river.
2. Rainfall in India is the second highest after Brazil but the distribution is highly uneven certain channeling by Oil Company can solve the problem of distribution of water.
3. Over use and wastage of water in day to day life activities need to be controlled.
4. Thermal pollution need to be inhibited.
5. Bottled water or water packaging industries need to be dominated by strong hands and law regarding extraction of groundwater should be there.
6. Over irrigation and agriculture industry need to considered a decreasing trend of groundwater.
7. Proper disposal of waste otherwise leaches may pollute groundwater.
8. Rainwater harvesting in bamboo drip irrigation system can be helped a lot.

Q6: In what ways the Intensive industrialization and urbanization responsible for water scarcity?
Ans: (i) The ever increasing number of industry has made matters words by exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources.
Industries apart from being heavy user of water, also require power to run them much of them play this energy come from hydro electric power
(ii) Multiplying urban center with large and dense population and urban lifestyle have not only added to water and energy requirement but have further aggravated the problem.
(iii) In housing societies or colonies we would find that most of these have their own groundwater pumping device to meet their water needs with the result, fragile water resources are been overexploited and have caused their depletion in several cities.

Q7: What do you know about bamboo drip irrigation system?
Ans: In Meghalaya, 200 year old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipes is prevalent.
(i)Bamboo pipes are used to divert perennial spring on the hilltop to the lower reaches bt the gravity.
(ii)The channel section made of bamboo; divert water to the plant site, where it is distributed into branches.
(iii) If the pipes pass roads, they are taken high above the land on the tree branches.
(iv) Reduced channel sections and diversion unit are used at the last stage of water application.
(v) The last channel section enables water to be dropped near the root of the plant.