Text Book Solutions All Class

Type – I

Given below are sets of information. Use the information in each of them to complete the following paragraphs. Do not add any new information. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number. Do not copy the whole sentence.
The Arctic region is quite different from the Antarctic. It is not very far from the other continents, so more animals have settled there. There is also more plant life. The weather in the Arctic region is much less cold, and there are not as many storms.
Q.1. The Antarctic region is quite different from the Arctic. It is farther from the other continents, so (a) ______ have settled there. There is also (b) ______ The weather in the Antarctic region is (c) ______ and there are (d) ______ also.
Solution. (a) very few animals (b) less plant life (c) much colder / far colder (d) many storms.

Given below are sets of information. Use the information in each of them to complete the following paragraphs. Do not add any new information. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number. Do not copy the whole sentence.
—  games keep us healthy
— develop mental discipline
—  make us wise, confident, courageous
—  learn to co-operate
—  fight in a healthy spirit
—  no ill-will against the rivals
—  promote qualities of citizenship
—  can channelise the energy of our young men and women.
Q.2. Games are very necessary to keep us in good health. They discipline our (a) ______ and keep us physically fit. They give us wisdom, (b) ______ and courage. They teach us the spirit of (c) ______ . A player fights with his (d) ______ in a healthy spirit. Thus games make us good (e) ______ . In order to channelise the energy of our (f) ______ ,  we must pay attention to the development of sports.
Solution. (a) mind (b) confidence (c) co-operation (d) rival (e) citizens (f) youth.

Given below are sets of information. Use the information in each of them to complete the following paragraphs. Do not add any new information. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number. Do not copy the whole sentence.
1. Choose a site for your garden that has good soil and light.
2. Dig the soil to make it loose, so that air can get into it.
3. Add manure to the soil.
4. Rake the soil to make it fine.
5. Feed, water and weed regularly.
Q.3. First of all, a site having good soil and light was chosen for the garden. Then the soil (a) ______ air could get into it. Manure (b) ______ and then (c) ______ . Feeding, watering and weeding (d) ______.
Solution. (a) was dug to make it loose so that (b) was added to the soil (c) the soil was raked to make it fine (d) were done regularly.

Given below are sets of information. Use the information in each of them to complete the following paragraphs. Do not add any new information. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number. Do not copy the whole sentence.
1. Remove the thermometer from its tube.
2. Look at the column of mercury to make sure it stands a few degrees below normal; shake down the column of mercury, if required.
3. Place the bulb of the thermometer inside the patient’s mouth, below the tongue, for about 3 minutes.
4. Ask the patient to keep his mouth closed when the thermometer is in his mouth.
5. Remove the thermometer from his mouth and read the temperature.
6. Put the thermometer back in its tube.
Q.4. After removing the thermometer from its tube, I (a) ______ . I found that it stood a little above normal, so it (b) ______ . Then the bulb (c) ______ for about 3 minutes. He was asked (d) ______ . Then the thermometer (e) ______ was read. And after that, the thermometer (f ) ______ tube.
Solution. (a) looked at the column of mercury (b) was shaken down (c) of the thermometer was placed inside the patient’s mouth (d) to keep his mouth closed (e) was removed from his mouth and it (f ) was put back in its.

Given below are sets of information. Use the information in each of them to complete the following paragraphs. Do not add any new information. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number. Do not copy the whole sentence.
—  Police rescued three-year-old girl
—  mother found her missing
—  informed police
—  DSP supervised probe
—  interviewed residents
—  Danny admitted and disclosed hiding place
Q.5. A three-year-old girl was rescued by the police last Tuesday. She had been kidnapped by a neighbour for ransom. The mother informed the police about the missing girl. A probe (a) ______ by the DSP himself. More than 50 residents (b) ______. Ultimately, Danny, one of the residents of the colony, admitted the crime and disclosed where the girl (c) ______ .
Solutions: (a) was supervised (b) were interviewed (c) had been hidden.

Given below are sets of information. Use the information in each of them to complete the following paragraphs. Do not add any new information. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number. Do not copy the whole sentence.

House — symbol — safe and secure — construct — lot of time and effort — buy — best-quality materials — ability to identify and purchase good materials — lay — strong foundation.
Q.6. A house (a) ______ for a family. When a house is (b) ______ . The best-quality materials (c) ______. You should be (d) ______ . For the house to last long, (e) ______ .
Solution. (a) is a symbol of safety and security (b) being constructed, a lot of time and effort has to be put in (c) should be bought (d) able to identify and purchase good materials (e) a strong foundation must be laid.

Type – II

Read the conversations and complete the report given below each. Do not add any new information. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number. Do not copy the whole sentence.
Patient : Can I have an appointment with the doctor this evening ?
Receptionist : I’m sorry. I can’t fit you in for at least two weeks.
Patient : But I could be dead by then !
Receptionist : No problem. If your wife informs me, I can cancel the appointment.

Q.1. A patient went to his doctor’s clinic and asked the receptionist if he could have an appointment with the doctor. The receptionist (a) ______ , saying that (b) ______ for at least two weeks. The disappointed patient (c) ______ by then. The receptionist calmly replied that (d) ______ and reassured him that (e) ______ cancel the appointment.
Solution. (a) expressed her re g r et (b) she couldn’t fit him in (c) ex claimed that he could be dead (d) in that case it would be no problem for her (e) if his wife informed her, she could.

Read the conversations and complete the report given below each. Do not add any new information.Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number. Do not copy the whole sentence.
Husband : Did you talk to Dr Barnard ?
Wife : Yes, but it is important for you to rest.
Husband : What is it ?
Wife : (Silence.) Husband : Is it one or two ?
Wife : No.
Husband : Is it three or four ?
Wife : Yes.
Q.2. Tom was admitted in a hospital with a complaint of tumour. He was resting. A few minutes later, he opened his eyes and asked his wife (a) ______ . She (b) ______ . He asked her if it was one or two. She (c) ______ . Finally, he wanted to know if it (d) ______ and she agreed with him.
Solution. (a) if she had spoken to Dr Barnard (b) said that she had and told him it was important for him to rest (c) replied that it was neither one nor two (d) was three or four.

Read the conversations and complete the report given below each. Do not add any new information.Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number. Do not copy the whole sentence.
Sanju : I’ve lost my lucky bat with which I made all my runs. Tomorrow we are playing against a Delhi school and I will be out for a duck.
Father : You can still make all the runs you want.
Sanju : What do you mean ?
Father : It is the batsman and not the bat that matters. What you need is confidence, not a bat.
Q.3. Sanju told his father that (a) ______ . He was all the more upset because (b) ______. His father assured him that (c) ______ . When Sanju failed to understand, his father explained that (d) ______ and that it was confidence that one needed.
Solution. (a) he had lost his lucky bat (b) the next day they were playing against a Delhi school and he was afraid he would be out for a duck (c) he could still make all the runs he wanted (d) it was the batsman and not the bat that mattered.

Read the conversations and complete the report given below each. Do not add any new information. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number. Do not copy the whole sentence.
Mother : You seem so tired. Take some rest.
Suraj : I can’t think of relaxing. I have lots of homework to do.
Rahul : You should not take so much of stress.
Suraj : Don’t worry. Please give me a hot cup of tea.
Q.4. Mother said to Suraj that (a) ______ . Suraj replied that (b) ______ . The mother advised (c) ______ . Suraj asked Mother not to worry and requested her to give him a hot cup of tea.
Solution. (a) he seemed very tired and she advised him to take some rest (b) he couldn’t think of relaxing because he had lots of homework to do (c) Suraj not to take so much of stress.

Read the conversations and complete the report given below each. Do not add any new information.Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number. Do not copy the whole sentence.
Anup : Where can we meet tomorrow ?
Atul : I may not be able to meet you tomorrow.
Anup : Are you going to be busy ?
Atul : Yes, I will be travelling tomorrow.
Q.5. Anup asked Atul (a) ______ . Atul replied (b) ______ . Anup asked if he was going to be busy. Atul said that he (c) ______ .
Solution. (a) where they could meet the next day (b) that he might not be able to meet him (Anup) the next day (c) would be travelling the next day.

Type – III

Look at the comic strips / diagrams given below. Complete the passages according to the information given. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number. Do not copy the whole sentence.

Q.1. Moose informed his wife Molly (a) ______.  Molly said (b) ______. She added (c) ______ . She advised Moose (d) ______ as Harry (e) ______ .
Solution. (a) that he was going to fly out to Arizona to visit his sister Martha and her husband Harry
(b) that Harry was very cranky
(c) that he would be finding a lot of fault with Moose
(d) to buy a one-way ticket only
(e) would be glad to pay his way back.

Look at the comic strips / diagrams given below. Complete the passages according to the information given. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number. Do not copy the whole sentence.

Q.2. A customer in a restaurant complained that (a) ______. The waiter told (b) ______ . When the customer asked (c) ______ , the waiter replied that they (d) ______ .
Solution. (a) there were flies in the food
(b) the customer respectfully that they were fresh flies
(c) what he meant
(d) had arrived that morning only.


Look at the comic strips / diagrams given below. Complete the passages according to the information given. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number. Do not copy the whole sentence.Q.3. Dear Uma
I’ve passed my interview ! It wasn’t as bad as I’d feared. First of all, the M.D. asked me what my name was and then he wanted to know (a) ______ my schooling. There was a kind-looking lady. I feel I’ve seen her at one of our school functions. She asked me (b) ______ to become a teacher and also (c) ______ to teach. Then the secretary asked me (d)  ______ to work in a village. Of course, I said, I would work anywhere !
How are your Mum and Dad ? I hope you will be coming over for the summer holidays. Do let me know.
Yours affectionately
Sheela
Solution. (a) where I had done
(b) why I wanted
(c) what subject I wanted
(d) if (whether) I was willing.

Look at the comic strips / diagrams given below. Complete the passages according to the information given. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number. Do not copy the whole sentence.

Q.4. John asked his children (a) ______ supposed to have a quiet Sunday morning. Jack agreed saying that (b) ______ Lucy added (c) ______ and asked his father whether they were not well-behaved.
Solution. (a) why they were watching TV when they were
(b) they had forgotten about it
(c) they were nice and quiet.

Look at the comic strips / diagrams given below. Complete the passages according to the information given. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number. Do not copy the whole sentence.

Q.5. Archie’s teacher, Miss Grundy, told him that (a) ______ A pleased Archie (b) ______ and asked her (c) ______ To that, an angry Miss Grundy replied that what she meant was (d) ______.
Solution. (a) he had spent time on that homework assignment and it really showed
(b) thanked his teacher
(c) if / whether she meant it was that good
(d) that it was covered with stains from a whole evening’s worth of snacks.

Introduction

• Sentence transformation involves changing the form or structure of a sentence without altering its meaning. This skill is essential in English grammar for various purposes, including paraphrasing, improving sentence variety, and enhancing writing style. Sentence transformation can also help in understanding different grammatical structures and in preparing for language exams that test this skill.
• Sentence transformation is a fundamental aspect of mastering English grammar, allowing for versatility and creativity in communication. By transforming sentences, one can convey the same idea using different words, structures, or styles, which is crucial for effective writing and speaking. This process involves rephrasing sentences to achieve a desired effect, whether it be to emphasize a particular point, avoid repetition, or adapt to different contexts and audiences. Mastering sentence transformation enhances language proficiency and provides a deeper understanding of the nuances of English grammar.

Key Techniques for Sentence Transformation

• Use Synonyms and Antonyms:
  • Replace words with their synonyms or antonyms to change the structure while keeping the meaning intact.
  • Example: “He is happy.” → “He is pleased.”
• Change the Voice:
  • Transform active sentences into passive voice or vice versa.
  • Example: “The cat chased the mouse.” → “The mouse was chased by the cat.”
• Use Different Tenses:
  • Change the tense of the sentence to convey the same meaning in a different time frame.
  • Example: “She writes a letter.” → “She wrote a letter.”
• Use Modals:
  • Add or replace modals to change the formality or tone of the sentence.
  • Example: “You must finish your homework.” → “You have to finish your homework.”
• Use Conditional Sentences:
  • Transform simple sentences into conditional forms.
  • Example: “If you heat water, it boils.” → “Water boils when you heat it.”
• Combine Sentences:
  • Combine two or more simple sentences into a compound or complex sentence.
  • Example: “He is rich. He is not happy.” → “Although he is rich, he is not happy.”
• Use Infinitives and Gerunds:
  • Replace clauses with infinitives or gerunds.
  • Example: “I want to eat.” → “I have a desire to eat.”

Importance of Sentence Transformation

• Sentence transformation is a critical skill in English grammar as it enables clear and varied expression of ideas. It aids in avoiding redundancy, enhancing clarity, and adapting to different tones or formalities in communication. 
• Additionally, this skill is essential for academic and professional writing, creative storytelling, and everyday communication. 
• Mastering sentence transformation also helps in understanding and using complex grammatical structures, improving overall language fluency and comprehension.

Reported Speech (Solved Questions)

Q1: Read the conversation given below and complete the paragraph that follows:    (3 marks) 
Principal : Why were you absent last week?
Student : I was absent because I was not well.
Principal : What will happen to your studies now?
Student : I will work hard to complete them.

The Principal asked the student (a) _____ The student replied (b) _____ The Principal was concerned and asked (c) _____ The student replied that he would study hard to complete them.
Ans:
(a) why he had been absent the previous week.
(b) that he had been absent because he had not been well.
(c) what would happen to his studies then.

Q2: Read the following conversation and complete the passage given below:    (3 marks) 
Mrs. Jadav : Can I have a small bottle of cranberry jam ?
Shopkeeper : Sorry, I have only big bottles.
Mrs. Jadav : When will it be available ?
Shopkeeper : I can give it to you tomorrow.
Mrs. Jadav : Thank you, then I will get it tomorrow.

Mrs. Jadav asked the shopkeeper (a) _____ The shopkeeper said that he only had big bottles of cranberry jam. Mrs. Jadav wanted to know (b) _____ The shopkeeper said that he could give it to her (the following day). Mrs. Jadav thanked him and said that (c) _____
Ans:
(a) if she could have a small bottle of cranberry Jam.
(b) when it would be available.
(c) she would get it the following day.

Q3: Read the conversation given below and complete the paragraph that follows:    (3 marks) 
Haiku : The landlord has come. Take out the money you have set aside.
Wife : But there are only three’ hundred rupees. If you give them to him, where is the blanket going to come from ?
Haiku : Don’t worry. I will figure out some other plan.

Haiku told his wife that the landlord had come, she should take out (a) _____ His wife said that (b) _____ and asked him if he gave them to him (c) _____ 
Ans:
(a) the money she had set aside.
(b) that there were only three hundred rupees.
(c) where the blanket was going to come from.

Q4: Read the conversation given below and complete the passage that follows:     (3 marks) 
Ali : Omar, why don’t you leave this place? I can drop you on my way back home.
Omar : I have no home.
Ali : Where have you come from ?
Omar : From Tunisia.

Ali asked Omar (a) _____ and offered to (b) _____ Omar replied that he had no home. Then Ali asked (c) _____ Omar told him that he had come from Tunisia.
Ans:
(a) why he didn’t leave that place.
(b) drop him on his way back home.
(c) where he had come from.

Q5: Read the following conversation between a mother and son and then complete the paragraph that follows:     (3 marks) 
Mother : You seem so tired. Take some rest.
Suraj : I can’t even think of relaxing. I have lots of homework to do.
Mother : You should not take so much of stress.
Suraj : Don’t worry. Please give me a hot cup of tea.

Mother said to Suraj that (a) _____ Suraj replied that (b) _____ The mother advised him not to take so much of stress. Suraj told his mother (c) _____ 
Ans:
(a) he seemed so tired and advised him to take rest.
(b) he could not even think of relaxing as he had lots of home work to do.
(c) not to worry and requested her to give him a hot cup of tea.

Q6: Read the conversation given below and complete the paragraph that follows: (3 marks) 
Customer : Can I have a bottle of juice?
Shopkeeper : Sorry, we only have milk bottles.
Customer : When will it be available ?
Shopkeeper : I can give it to you tomorrow.
Customer : Thank you, then I will come tomorrow.

The customer asked the shopkeeper (a) _____ 
The shopkeeper apologized and said (b) _____ 
The customer wanted to know (c) _____ . The shopkeeper said that he could give that to him the next day. The customer thanked him and said that he would come the following day.
Ans:
(a) if he could have a bottle of juice
(b) they only had milk bottles
(c) when that would be available

Q7: Read the conversation given below and complete the paragraph that follows: (3 marks) 
Raju : Do you know Varun was hit by a two – wheeler yesterday?
Arun : Oh no ! When did it happen?
Raju : He was hit by a scooter on his way back from school.
Arun : Is he badly hurt?

Raju asked Arun (a) _____ Arun was shocked and wanted to know when (b) _____ Raju replied that (c) _____ Arun enquired if he was badly hurt.
Ans:
(a) if he knew that Varun had been hit by a two-wheeler the previous day.
(b) it had happened. .
(c) he had been hit by a scooter on his way back from school.

Q8: Read the conversation given below and complete the paragraph that follows: (3 marks) 
Vani : Harika, are you going to join the Dramatics Club with me ?
Harika : No, I am going to join the Adventure Club.
Vani : I too would have joined the Adventure Club, but I am very scared of heights.
Harika : If that is the case, join the Dramatics Club.

Vani asked Harika (a) _____ Harika said that (b) _____ Adventure Club. To this Vani replied (c) _____ Adventure Club, but she was very scared of heights. Harika advised her to join the Dramatics Club.
Ans.
(a) if she was going to join the Dramatics Club with her.
(b) she was going to join the
(c) she too would have joined the

Q9: Read the conversation given below and complete the paragraph that follows: 
Pig : See how strong and hefty I am. Even the Jumbo was afraid of me.
Animals : Jumbo, was it out of horror ?
Jumbo : I could have happily crushed the dirty pig under my heels but I avoided it, so that I do not become dirty.

The jaunty pig said (a) _____ He further added (b) _____ All the animals enquired of Jumbo if that had been out of horror. Jumbo replied that he could have happily crushed the dirty pig under his heels but he (c) _____
Ans:
(a) that he was very strong and hefty
(b) that even the Jumbo had been afraid of him.
(c) had avoided it so that he did not become dirty.

Q10: Read the conversation given below and complete the paragraph that follows: (3 marks)
Rohan : When is the fancy dress competition in your school ?
Seema : It is after two weeks.
Rohan : Are you taking part in it ?
Seema : Yes, I am taking part as caterpillar.
Rohan : Why have you chosen that ?
Seema : So that I can reach late.

Rohan asked Seema (a) _____ Seema replied (b) _____ Rohan enquired (c) _____ Seema said that she was taking part as a caterpillar. Rohan asked why she had chosen that. Seema answered so that she could reach late. (Board Term-12012, Set EC2,048)
Ans:
(a) when the fancy dress competition in her school was.
(b) that it was after two weeks.
(c) whether she was taking part in that

Q11: Read the conversation given below and complete the paragraph that follows : (3 marks) 
Customer : Why is the meal so sour?
Waiter : Nobody has complained for five days sir, about the meal.
Customer : What! Where is the Manager?
Waiter : He has gone to some other hotel to take dinner, sir.

One day a customer was taking dinner in a hotel. He asked the waiter why (a) _____ The waiter told him (b) _____ At this the customer was shocked and wanted to know where the Manager was. The waiter replied (c) _____ 
Ans:
(a) the meal was so sour.
(b) that nobody had complained for five days about the meal.
(c) that he had gone to some other hotel to take dinner.

Q12: Read the conversation given below and complete the paragraph that follows : (3 marks) 
Teacher : Did you brush your hair this morning ?
Asha : Yes, I did, but the wind blew it about while I was coming to school.
Teacher : Wear a hair band tomorrow.

The teacher asked Asha (a) _____ Asha replied that she had, but the wind (b) _____ while she had been coming to school. The teacher instructed her (c) _____
Ans:
(a) if she had brushed her hair that morning.
(b) had blown it about.
(c) to wear a hair band the next day.

Q13: Read the following conversation and complete the paragraph that follows :     (3 marks)
Mother : Rita, finish your food.
Rita: I don’t want to have this food. You never give me a pizza or burger.
Mother: They are not good for health. You had pizza at your friend’s birthday party last evening.
Rita: OK, then give me French fries and shake. ‘
Mother : If you live only on junk food, you will spoil your health.

Mother told Rita (a) _____ Rita replied that (b) _____ and told her mother that she never gave her a pizza or burger. Mother said that they were not good for health and reminded her (c) _____ Rita then asked her mother to give her french fries and shake. Mother warned her that if she lived only on junk food, she would spoil her health.
Ans:
(a) to finish her food.
(b) she did not want to have that food
(c) that she had pizza at her friend’s birthday party the evening before.

Q14: Read the conversation/dialogue given below and complete the paragraph that follows:     (3 marks)
Patient : I want an appointment with the doctor for this evening.
Receptionist : I’m sorry, I can’t give you an appointment before the 20th.
Patient : But I could be dead by then!
Receptionist : That’s all right. I’ll ring up your wife and cancel the appointment in that case.

The patient (a) _____ evening. The receptionist (b) _____ an appointment before the 20th. The patient (c) _____ The receptionist replied that it was all right as she would ring up his wife and cancel the appointment in that case.
Ans:
(a) told the receptionist that he wanted an appointment with the doctor for that
(b) replied that she was sorry but she could not give him
(c) exclaimed that he could be dead by then

Q15: Read the conversation given below and complete the paragraph that follows:     (3 marks)
Patient : Good afternoon. I need to get an E.C.G. done. .
Receptionist : Sorry. Our machine is not working. You can come tomorrow.
Patient : What! But I think I’m having a heart attack now.
Receptionist : Oh! In that case 1 will book you for a bypass and inform our Senior Cardiologist.

A patient went to the doctor’s clinic, greeted the receptionist and said that (a) _____ The receptionist apologized and told him (b)  _____ She also added that (c)  _____ The patient reacted angrily and said he thought he was having a heart attack. To this the receptionist replied that in that case she could book him for a bypass and inform their Senior Cardiologist.
Ans:
(a) he needed to get an E.C.G. done.
(b) that their machine was not working.
(c) he could come the next day.

Q. As receptionist at a hotel you had the following conversation with Miss Neha Dixit, the HR Manager of a publishing House:

Neha Dixit : Hello! Is it Hotel Pearl Regency, Rajouri Garden, New Delhi?
Receptionist : Yes, it is. What can I do for you? I am  Receptionist here.
Neha Dixit : Hi, this is Neha, HR Manager from Glorious Publishers Ltd, Delhi.
So, I just wanted to know that we have planned to organise a two day conference at Rajouri Garden. Do you have any Conference Hall?
Receptionist : Of course, Ma’am, we have.
Neha Dixit : Could you please E-mail or FAX me your tariff ASAP so that we can discuss and finalise it sooner.
Receptionist : Oh, sure Ma’am. Please tell me your E-mail ID or FAX No.
Neha Dixit : My E-mail ID is hr@gloriouspublishers.in, and my FAX No. is 011-40211XXX.
Receptionist : OK Ma’am, I’ll do it ASAP. It would be our pleasure to serve your company.
Neha Dixit : That’s OK.

As your shift is over now leave a message for the Manager for the follow-up action in not more than 50 words.

Ans.

MESSAGE

10th June, 20XX
6:00 pm
Dear Sir

There was a call from one Ms Neha Dixit, the HR Manager of the publishing  house Glorious Publishers Ltd. at Delhi. She has asked for the quotation of tariff for a two days conference arrangement of her company at our Hotel. She has asked to E-mail or FAX it ASAP so that she could decide at the earliest. Her E-mail ID is hr@gloriouspublishers.in and her FAX no. is 011-40211XXX.

Prerna

Q. You are Muskan. Your father is on tour. Today morning he called upon your mother. As your mother was not at home, you received the call and had the following conversation with him:

Father: Hello! Who is speaking?
Yourself: Muskan here.
Father: Well Muskan, I am now in Bengaluru. Where is your Mom?
Yourself: Papa, she has gone to the market and will be back in an hour. Have you any message for her?
Father: Oh, yes! Please tell her that my meeting may prolong for two more days. In that case I may be back on the 12th. Otherwise I’ll return as per scheduled programme. After coming back we will go to Manali. So be ready for that.
Yourself: Thank you Papa. I‘ll convey it to Mom.

As you are leaving for your dance class, leave a message for your mother in not more than 50 words.

Ans.

MESSAGE

8th August, 20XX
2:00 pm
Dear mom

Father had called upon you when you were out in the market. He has left a message that his meeting may be extended by two days more. In that case he will be back on 12th, otherwise he will be back as per schedule. When he returns, he has a programme to take us to Manali. So be ready for that.

Muskan

Q. Read the following conversation carefully:

Akshita: Hello ! is it 98629500XX?
Raina: Yes, please. Who’s it there?
Akshita: I’m Akshita, a friend of Nisha. Where is she? Raina : Oh! Sorry. Actually she has forgotten her mobile here. She has gone to the market. Can I help you, please ?
Akshita: Oh, sure. In fact, I wanted to convey her that today’s music classes shall be suspended because the teacher is not well. Instead it will be held tomorrow.
Could you please pass this message to her?
Rama: Oh! Sure. Why not.
Akshita: Thank you.
Raina: It’s my pleasure.

As Raina is going to her tution she needs to reproduce the message for Nisha. Write the message on her behalf with every detail.

Ans.

MESSAGE

5th May, 20XX
3:00 pm
Dear Nisha

Today your friend Akshita had called upon you when you had been to market. In fact she had to tell you that your music classes shall remain suspended because your teacher is not well. Instead it would be held tomorrow. If you like you may talk to her.

Raina

Understanding Messages

A message refers to a brief communication sent from one individual to another.

When writing a message, it is important to include certain key elements:

•  Time and Date:  Always mention the time and date when the message is being written.
•  Salutation:  Begin the message with a salutation, such as “Dear Father” or “Dear Uncle.”
•  Enclosure:  The message should be enclosed within a box to distinguish it.
•  Important Points:  Include only the essential points in the message, avoiding any unnecessary information.
•  Signature:  Place your signature at the end of the message to indicate its sender.
•  Abbreviations and Symbols:  Feel free to use abbreviations and symbols, such as “M.D.” for Managing Director, to save space and convey information efficiently.

Change to reported questions! 

(i) He asked:”Do you live in the country Peter?” 

He asked me if I lived in the country.

(ii) They inquired:” Did you see Charles yesterday morning”?

They inquired if I had seen Charles that morning. 

(iii) She wanted to know:”Will we get there on time, John?”

She wanted to know if they would get there on time. 

(iv) The policeman wondered:”Don’t you know the traffic regulations?”

The policeman wondered if he/she didn’t know the traffic regulations.

(v) The commander asked:”Do our soldiers have enough weapons?”

The commander wanted to know if their/his soldiers had enough weapons. 

(vi) The coach wanted to know:” Can you do your best boys?”

The coach wanted to know from the boys if they could do their best. 

(vii) He asked:”Are we going to start work tomorrow?”

He asked if they were going to start work the next day.

(viii) They inquired:”Have they ever been to America?”

They inquired if they had ever been to America.

(ix) She wanted to know:” Is he staying with his family now?”

She wanted to know if he was staying with his family at that time.

(x) The residents asked:”Are you going to have our roads repaired, mayor?”

The residents asked the mayor if he/she was going to have their roads repaired.

(xi) The watchmaker asked:”Did you buy this Swiss watch at my place”?

The watchmaker asked if he/she had bought that Swiss watch at his place.

(xii) The instructor asked me:” have you ever worked with groups from abroad?”

The instructor asked me if I had ever worked with groups from aboard.

(xiii) She wanted to know:”Were you informed about the meeting yesterday?”

She wanted to know if I had been informed about the meeting the day before.

(xiv) The assistant asked:”Are you looking for something?”

The assistant asked if I was looking for something.

(xv) The pilot asked:” Have you prepared the runway for our flight?”

The pilot asked if I/he/she had prepared the runway for their flight.

(xvi) Sarah asked:”Do I have to sweep the floor after work?”

Sarah asked if she had to sweep the floor after work.

(xvii) They wanted to know:” Will we go for a walk if the weather is fine?”

They wanted to know if they would go for a walk if the weather was fine.

(xviii) The doctor wanted to know:”Have you had the symptoms for a long time?”

The doctor wanted to know if I had had the symptoms for a long time.

(xix) The flight attendant asked:”Could you fasten your seat belts, please?”

The flight attendant asked if we/I could fasten our/my seat belts.

(xx) Daddy wanted to know:”Are you going to be a lawyer Kevin?”

Daddy wanted to know if Kevin was going to be a lawyer.

Change to reported questions! 

(i) He asked:”Do you live in the country Peter?” 
He asked me _______________________________________
(ii) They inquired:” Did you see Charles yesterday morning”?
They inquired _____________________________________________________
(iii) She wanted to know:”Will we get there on time, John?”
She wanted to know __________________________________________
(iv) The policeman wondered:”Don’t you know the traffic regulations?”
The policeman wondered _________________________________________________
(v) The commander asked:”Do our soldiers have enough weapons?”
The commander wanted to know _____________________________________
(vi) The coach wanted to know:” Can you do your best boys?”
The coach wanted to know ____________________________________
(vii) He asked:”Are we going to start work tomorrow?”
He asked ___________________________________________________
(viii) They inquired:”Have they ever been to America?”
They inquired ______________________________________________

(ix) She wanted to know:” Is he staying with his family now?”
She wanted to know ___________________________________________
(x) The residents asked:”Are you going to have our roads repaired, mayor?”
The residents asked the mayor ______________________________________________
(xi) The watchmaker asked:”Did you buy this Swiss watch at my place”?
The watchmaker asked ____________________________________________________
(xii) The instructor asked me:” have you ever worked with groups from abroad?”
The instructor asked me ___________________________________________________________
(xiii) She wanted to know:”Were you informed about the meeting yesterday?”
She wanted to know _____________________________________________________________
(xiv) The assistant asked:”Are you looking for something?”
The assistant asked _________________________________________
(xv) The pilot asked:” Have you prepared the runway for our flight?”
The pilot asked ________________________________________________________
(xvi) Sarah asked:”Do I have to sweep the floor after work?”
Sarah asked ___________________________________________________
(xvii) They wanted to know:” Will we go for a walk if the weather is fine?”
They wanted to know ______________________________________________________
(xviii) The doctor wanted to know:”Have you had the symptoms for a long time?”
The doctor wanted to know _________________________________________________________
(xix) The flight attendant asked:”Could you fasten your seat belts, please?”
The flight attendant asked _____________________________________________________
(xx) Daddy wanted to know:”Are you going to be a lawyer Kevin?”
Daddy wanted to know ______________________________________________

You can access the solutions to this worksheet here.

Introduction

• A statement is a sentence that conveys a definite meaning. It can be true or false.
• A question is a sentence used to ask something. It usually begins with a helping verb or an interrogative word (What, Why, How, etc.).

Types of Statements

1. Declarative Statements: Expresses a fact or opinion.
   • Example: “The Earth revolves around the Sun.”
2. Positive and Negative Statements:
   • Positive: “She is a doctor.”
   • Negative: “She is not a doctor.”
3. Universal Truths: Always true, scientifically or logically.
   • Example: “Water boils at 100°C.”

Types of Questions

1. Yes/No Questions: Can be answered with ‘Yes’ or ‘No’.
   • Example: “Is she coming to the party?”
2. WH-Questions: Start with ‘What, Where, When, Why, How, Who, Whose, Which’.
   • Example: “Where do you live?”
3. Choice Questions: Offer two or more options.
   • Example: “Do you prefer tea or coffee?”
4. Tag Questions: A small question at the end of a statement.
   • Example: “You are coming, aren’t you?”
5. Rhetorical Questions: Asked for effect, no answer expected.
   • Example: “Who doesn’t love ice cream?”

Sentences with Question Tags

In indirect speech, the question tag is usually omitted.

Examples:

• Direct: She said to me, “You didn’t break the window, did you?”
  Indirect: She asked me if/whether I had broken the window.
• Direct: He said to Geeta, “You are going to the station, aren’t you?”
  Indirect: He asked Geeta if/whether she was going to the station.

Sentences with ‘Yes’ or ‘No’

In indirect speech, ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ is replaced with a short answer.

Examples:

• Direct: He said, “Can you dance?” And I said, “No.”
  Indirect: He asked me if I could dance and I replied that I couldn’t.
• Direct: My mother said, “Will you come home on time?” And I said, “Yes.”
  Indirect: My mother asked me if I would come home on time and I replied.

Sentences with ‘Have to’ or ‘Had to’

In indirect speech:

• “Have to” changes according to the tense.
• “Had to” changes to “had had to.”

Examples:

• Direct: Hari said, “I have to work a lot.”
  Indirect: Hari said that he had to work a lot.
• Direct: Hari said, “I had to work a lot.”
  Indirect: Hari said that he had had to work a lot.

Sentences with ‘Sir’, ‘Madam’, or ‘Your Honour’

In indirect speech, these words are removed and replaced with ‘respectfully’ in the reporting clause.

Example:

• Direct: Mahesh said, “Sir, may I go home?”
  Indirect: Mahesh respectfully asked his sir if he might go home.

Try yourself:

What type of question can be answered with ‘Yes’ or ‘No’?

• A.WH-Questions
• B.Yes/No Questions
• C.Choice Questions
• D.Tag Questions

View Solution

Exclamations and Wishes

In indirect speech, exclamatory words like “Hurrah!”, “Alas!”, “Oh!”, “Bravo!”, etc., are removed and replaced with expressions like ‘exclaimed with joy’, ‘exclaimed with sorrow’, etc.

Examples:

• Direct: Rohan said, “Hurrah! We won the match.”
  Indirect: Rohan exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
• Direct: Reema said, “Alas! Karina’s mother is suffering from cancer.”
  Indirect: Reema exclaimed with sorrow that Karina’s mother was suffering from cancer.
• Direct: The captain said to Kapil, “Bravo! You scored 89 runs.”
  Indirect: The captain exclaimed with praise that he (Kapil) had scored 89 runs.

Wishes in Indirect Speech

Exclamatory sentences expressing wishes begin with ‘prayed’ or ‘blessed’.

Examples:

• Direct: My mother said, “May God bless you!”
  Indirect: My mother prayed to God for my well-being.
• Direct: She said, “May God save the country!”
  Indirect: She prayed to God to save the country.
• Direct: They said to the king, “Long live!”
  Indirect: They blessed the king for his long life.

Expressing Surprise or Emotion

Exclamatory sentences are turned into statements in indirect speech.

Examples:

• Direct: Mohan said, “What a pity!”
  Indirect: Mohan exclaimed that it was a great pity.
• Direct: I said, “How stupid he is!”
  Indirect: I exclaimed that it was very stupid of him.
• Direct: “What a terrible sight it is!” said the traveller.
  Indirect: The traveller exclaimed that it was a very terrible sight.

Key Points to Remember

1. In indirect speech, question tags are usually removed.
2. ‘Yes’ and ‘No’ are replaced with a short answer.
3. ‘Have to’ follows normal tense rules, while ‘had to’ changes to ‘had had to’.
4. Words like ‘Sir’, ‘Madam’, and ‘Your Honour’ are replaced with ‘respectfully’.
5. Exclamatory words are removed, and expressions like ‘exclaimed with joy’ or ‘prayed’ are used instead.
6. Exclamatory sentences become statements in indirect speech.

Try yourself:

Which of the following is the correct indirect speech transformation for the direct sentence: “Hurray! We passed the exam.”

• A.He exclaimed with joy that they had passed the exam.
• B.He exclaimed with sorrow that they had passed the exam.
• C.He exclaimed with joy that she had passed the exam.
• D.He exclaimed with sorrow that she had passed the exam.

View Solution

Clauses

A clause is a group of words that includes a  subject  and a  verb  . It can form a complete sentence or be part of one.
There are three types of clauses:

• Noun clause
• Adverbial clause
• Relative clause

Noun Clause

Read the following sentences:
(a) I hope that I shall pass:.(noun clause)
(b) She knows what I want. (noun clause)
The underlined words are noun clauses and form parts of the sentences (a) and (b).
The noun clauses answer the question what?
The that-clause following the main clause ‘I hope’ is also a noun clause just as ‘What I want’ is a noun clause which follows the main clause ‘she knows’.

Noun clauses can start with:

•  Pronouns:  what, which, who, whom, whose
•  Adverbs:  when, where, why, how
•  Conjunctions:  if, that, whether

Here are some more examples of noun clauses:

• You can see  what  we have done.
• Can you tell me  who  has done it?
• Do you know  whose  car it is?
• I don’t know  which  book he has bought.
• I can’t say  whom  I should believe.
• I can’t tell you  when  he will come.
• Please tell me  why  he is always late.
• I don’t know  where  he has gone.
• Does anyone know  how  it has happened?

 (i) You can see what we have done.

 Can you tell me who had done it?
 Do you know whose car it is?

 I don’t know which book he has bought.

 I can’t say whom I should believe.

(ii) I can’t tell you when he will come.

Please tell me why he is always late.

I don’t know where he has gone.

Does anyone know how it has happened? 

(iii) I wonder if the weather is going to be all right.

 She asked whether the train will leave on time.

 I can tell you that he is a good boy.

Functions of Noun Clauses
Noun clauses function like nouns or noun phrases. They can function as subject, object, complement, or object of a preposition, etc.

Subject

•  What you said  surprised me.
•  When she comes  is uncertain.
•  Whether he will help you  will be known soon.
•  That he would come  seemed unlikely.
•  How he crossed the border  is a mystery.
•  Why he came here  is still unknown to us.

Object

• He says  that he will help me  .
• She couldn’t decide  what she should do  .
• You must learn  when you should speak  .
• She wondered  whether she should stay  any more.
• I don’t know  who gave him this advice  .
• Have you decided  where you will go for your holidays  ?
• I asked him  how I could reach that village  .
• I don’t know  why he sold his house  .

Complement

• Our belief is that he will help us.
• This is where she works.
• My worry is why he should behave like that.
• This is what you are looking for.
• The problem is how we can cross this river.

Object of Preposition

• You should pay attention to what the teacher says.
• There is no complaint except that he comes late.
• There is no meaning in what he says.
• No one is aware of how he has opened the lock.
• Everything depends on whether he helps us or not.
• It was difficult to decide on where we should go for help.
• They couldn’t agree about who should do the work.

Complement of an Adjective

• I am not sure where he has gone.
• They are confident that they will find the thief.
• It is doubtful whether she will reach in time.

Object of an Infinitive

• She wants to know what is going on here.
• He came to see that he was mistaken.
• She wanted to ask if I could help her.

In Apposition to a Noun (Noun Noun clause)

• The rumor that he was killed is true.
• We should pursue the idea of setting up a factory.
• The fact that he has failed surprised his parents.

Object of a Participle

• Thinking that he would die, they took him to a hospital.
• Hoping that they would win, they felt overjoyed.

(a) Subject: 

What you said surprised me.

When she will come is uncertain.

Whether he will help you will be known soon.

That he would come is seemed unlikely.

How he crossed the border is a mystery.

Why he came here is still unknown to us.

 (b) Object: 

He says that he will help me.
She couldn’t decide what she should do.
You must learn when you should speak.
She wondered whether she should stay any more.

 don’t know who gave him this advice.
 Have you decided where you will go for   your holidays?
 I asked him how I can reach that village.
 I don’t know why he sold his house.

(c) Complement: 

Our belief is that he will help us.
This is where she works.
My worry is why he should behave like that.

 This is what you are looking for.
 The problem is how we can cross this river.

(d) Object of Preposition:

• You should pay attention to what the teacher says.
• There is no complaint except that he comes late.
• There is no meaning in what he says.
• No one is aware of how he has opened the lock.
• Everything depends on whether he helps us or not.
• It was difficult to decide on where we should go for help.
• They couldn’t agree about who should do the work.

(e) Complement of an Adjective:

• I am not sure where he has gone.
• They are confident that they will find out the thief.
• It is doubtful whether she will reach in time.

(f) Object of an Infinitive:

• She wants to know what is going on here.
• He came to see that he was mistaken.
• She wanted to ask if l could help her.

(g) In Apposition to a Noun (Noun + Noun clause)

• The rumour that he was killed is true.
• The idea that we should set up a factory should be pursued.
• The fact that he has failed surprised his parents.

(h) Object of a Participle:

• Thinking that he would die, they took him to a hospital.
• Hoping that they would win, they felt overjoyed.

Adverbial Clauses of Condition

The adverbial clause of condition is introduced by if, unless, whether:

• If you run fast, you will catch the train.
• Unless you work hard. you will not pass.

The underlined words in the above sentences form the adverbial clauses of condition. A conditional clause is a subordinate clause and expresses a condition.

• The conditional clauses are of the following types:

(i) In an if-clause referring to a likely or possible situation in the future, the simple present tense is used. The future tense is used in the main clause:

• If it rains, we’ll go indoors.

Generally the main clause has the form: shall/will/may/can/must+first form of the verb:

• If she works hard, she will pass.
• If you request me, I shall help you.
• If you need a pen, you can take mine.
• If you want to get good marks, you must work harder.

(ii) In an if-clause referring to a condition that always has the same result, the simple present is used. The simple tense is used in the main clause too:

• If the engine gets too hot, it starts to smoke.
• If you heat ice, it melts.
• If you boil water, it evaporates.
• If you beat a child, he weeps.

(iii) If a conditional clause refers to an unlikely or impossible situation in the present or future, the simple past tense is used. In the main clause, we use ‘should, ‘could , ‘might’, ‘would’, etc + first form of the verb:

• If you ran fast, you might catch the train.
• If I won a lottery, I would buy a car.
• I would tell you if I knew the answer.
• If a thief entered your house, what would you do?
• If I were rich, I would open a school for the poor.

(iv) If a conditional clause refers to something that did not happen in the past, the past perfect tense is used. In the main clause, we use would have/should have/could have/might have + third form of the verb:

• If she had worked hard, she would have passed.
  (i.e. She didn’t work hard, so she didn’t pass).
• If he had left early, he might have caught the train.
• If he had informed me, I would have received him at the railway station.

But when the main clause is about the present, ‘would’, ‘could, ‘might’, etc. without have is used:

• If you had followed my advice, we would be home by now.

(v) If a conditional clause refers to an unlikely situation in the future, ‘were to’ or ‘should’ followed by an infinitive, is sometimes used instead of the simple past tense:

• If you should meet him, tell him to come here.
• If she were to die before you, who would look after your children?
• If you need any help, ring me up.

(vi) ‘If only’ is used to express a wish with reference to present or future time:

• If only I were rich.
• If only I could swim.
• If only I knew her name.

(vii) ‘If only’ is used to express a wish that past events had been different:

• If only he had remembered to post that letter.
• If only I had met her.
• If only he had spoken the truth.

Adverbial Clauses of Time

Adverbial clauses of time indicate when something occurs by referring to a time period or another event. The subordinating conjunctions used include after, before, since, when, while, whenever, till, as, etc.

• I arrived after he had started.
• The patient had died before the doctor arrived.
• I have never seen her since she was ten years old.
• His father died when he was young.
• Someone called while you were out.
• Whenever I smiled, she smiled back.
• I will wait here until you return.
• As I was leaving, the phone rang.

When we refer to the present or the past, the verb in a time clause has the same tense as it would in a main clause:

•  She was standing by the door when I heard her speak. 
•  I haven’t talked to him since he arrived. 
•  He looks after the children while she goes to school. 

For an event in a time clause that will occur before an event in the main clause, we use the Present Perfect Tense:

•  When you have taken your lunch, you come to me. 
•  Inform us as soon as you have reached here. 

We use ‘when’, ‘while’, ‘as’ when discussing circumstances in which something happens or happened:

•  The doors open when I press this button. 
•  While he was in the house, there was a loud knock at the door. 
•  I watched her as she combed her hair. 

We can use ‘when’, ‘after’, ‘once’ to indicate one event following another:

•  When he died, his sons came to me for help. 
•  The mother goes off in search of food after the eggs have hatched. 
•  Once the damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 

We use ‘as soon as’ to refer to one event happening after a very short time:

•  They heard a loud explosion as soon as they entered their house. 

When we use ‘no sooner’, the time clause starts with ‘than’:

•  No sooner had he arrived than he had to leave again. 
•  No sooner had he sat down than the phone rang. 
•  No sooner had he asked the question than the answer came to him. 

Using ‘hardly’, the time clause begins with ‘when’ or ‘before’:

•  Hardly had he entered the house when the phone rang. 
•  She had hardly arrived when she had to leave again. 
•  He had hardly opened his eyes before she asked him to leave. 

If we want to express that a situation stopped when something occurred, we use ‘till’ or ‘until’:

•  I waited for her till/until she came back. 
•  Let’s wait till/until the rain stops. 

We use ‘since’ to refer to a situation that began at a specific time and still exists, using the Past Simple Tense in the time clause:

•  I have not met her since she was a child. 
•  They have known each other since he lived there. 

Relative Clauses

The relative clause does the function of an adjective in a sentence. That is why it is also called an adjective clause. We put a relative clause immediately after the noun which refers to the person, thing, or group we are talking about.

• The boy who came into the house was my friend.
• The house which our neighbour bought is made of stone.

A relative clause is essential to the clear understanding of the noun it defines or qualifies.
For example: ‘Who came into the house ’ is a relative clause without which it will not be clear to which ‘boy’ we are referring.

Types of Relative Clauses

Defining and Non-defining Relative Clauses:
There are two kinds of relative clauses—defining and non-defining relative clauses. Defining relative clauses limit the noun or pronoun to which they refer to a particular type or examples. They answer the questions which!, what? whose? In the two example sentences above the relative clauses restrict “the boy’ and ‘the house’ to a particular ‘boy ’ or a particular ‘house’.
Non-defining clauses simply give us additional information about the nouns, pronouns and clauses to which they refer.
For example:

• Anwar, who returned yesterday, will come to meet us.

There are some general rules which should be noted about relative clauses and relative pronouns:

(i) A non-defining clause is separated by commas (see the above sentence).
(ii) A defining clause is not separated by commas.
(iii) In a non-defining clause the relative pronoun cannot be omitted.

• Satish, who/whom you met yesterday, is a friend of mine.
• Here the relative pronoun ‘who/whom’ cannot be omitted.

(iv) In a defining clause, we can omit the relative pronoun except when it is the subject of a verb:

• The woman yon met yesterday is my mother.

In this sentence, the relative pronoun is omitted. But we cannot omit it in the following sentence:

• The boy who gave you this book is my friend.
• This is because here the relative pronoun ‘who’ is the subject of the verb ‘gave’.

(v) In a non-defining clause the preposition governing the relative is rarely placed at the end of the clause:

• This is Mohan, about whom I was talking.

(vi) In a defining clause the preposition governing the relative is generally placed at the end of the clause:

• This is the boy I was talking about.

(vii) The relative pronouns ‘which’, ‘who’, ‘whose’, ‘whom’ are found in both defining and non-defining clauses. But the pronoun ‘that’ is only found in defining clauses.
(viii) The relative pronouns differ according to whether they refer to persons or things and according to their case:

 Relative Pronoun

For Persons

For Things

 Nominative Case

 Who, that

 Which, that

 Objective Case

 Whom, who, that

 Which, that

 Possessive Case

 Whose

 Whose, of Which

(ix) Relative clauses are introduced by relative adverbs ‘where’, ‘”when’, ‘why’.

• This is the house where we lived.
• This is the time when the winter season sets in.
• This is the reason why I left this place.

Use of Pronouns for Persons

(i) In the nominative case, we use ‘who’ or ‘that’. ‘That’ is used after superlatives and after all, nobody, no one, somebody, someone, anybody, etc. when we can use either  ‘who’ or ‘that’:

• This is the best that I could have done in that situation.
• The girl who cheated you is called Romola.
• The policeman who arrested the thief has white hair.
• All who/that listened to his speech praised him.

(ii) In the objective case, we use ‘whom’, ‘who’, ‘that’. ‘ Whom is considered more formal than ‘who’. However, in spoken English we use ‘who’ or ‘that’. There is a tendency to omit the objective relative pronoun altogether:

• The boy whom/who I met is called Ramesh.
  Or
• The boy that I met is called Ramesh.
  Or
• The boy I met is called Ramesh.

(iii) We use ‘whom’ or ‘that’ with a preposition.
Generally, the preposition is placed before the relative pronoun:
The boy to whom I was speaking is my neighbour. In informal speech, the preposition is usually moved to the end of the clause and then ‘whom’ is often replaced by ‘that’ or it is omitted:

• The man to whom I gave it was a foreigner.
• The man who/whom I gave it to was a foreigner.
• The man that I gave it to was a foreigner.

(iv) In the possessive case, we use the relative pronoun ‘whose’:

• Boys whose result has not been declared can meet the principal.

Use of Pronouns for Things

(i) In the nominative case, the relative pronouns ‘which’ and ‘that’ are used. Which is considered more formal:

• This is the pen which/that cost me $5.
• This is the house which/that has been sold.

(ii) In the objective case, we use ‘which’ or ‘that’ or omit the relative pronoun:

• The pen which/that I bought yesterday was beautiful.
• The pen I bought yesterday was beautiful.

We generally use ‘that’ after all, much, little, everything, none, no and compounds of no or after superlatives or we omit the relative pronoun altogether.

• All the mangoes that fall are eaten by children.
• This is the best place (that) I have ever seen.

(iii) When we use the objective case with a preposition, we place the preposition before ‘which’. But it is more usual to move it to the end of the clause, using ‘which’ or ‘that’ or we omit the relative pronoun altogether:

• The chair on which I was sitting was made of teak wood.
• The chair which!that I was sitting on was made of teak wood.
• The chair I was sitting on was made of teak wood.

(iv) In the possessive case, we use the relative pronoun ‘whose’:

• The house whose walls are made of mud bricks will not be durable

Relative Pronouns used in Non-defining Clauses:
Form:

Case

 For Persons

 For Things

 Nominative

 Who

 Which

 Objective

 Whom, who

 Which

 Possessive

 Whose

 of which, whose

Use for Persons

(i) In the nominative case, only ‘who’ is used:

• My father, who is a businessman, has an expensive car.
• Nitin, who is my friend, has gone to Dehradun.

(ii) In the objective case, we use ‘whom’ and “who’. ‘Who’ is sometimes used in conversation:

• My manager, whom I dislike, is an ill-tempered man.
• He introduced me to her girl friend, whom I had known before.

(iii) ‘Whom’ is used with a preposition in the objective case. We can also use ‘ who’ if we move the preposition to the end of the clause:

• Sumitra, to whom I gave a present, is my sister.
• Sumitra, who I gave a present to, is my sister.

(iv) We use ‘whose’ in the possessive case:

• Shakespeare, whose plays are world-famous, was a British dramatist.

Use for Things

(i) We use ‘which’ in the nominative case:

• His car, which is so old, broke down on the way.
• His office, which is near our house, is painted green.

(ii) In the objective also, we use ‘which’:

• “The Merchant of Venice”, which you read yesterday, was written by William Shakespeare.
• The tree near my house, which I wanted to cut down, was uprooted in a storm.

(iii) The relative pronoun ‘which’ is also used with a preposition:

• My house, for which I paid rupees fifty lacs, is beautiful.
• My house, which I paid rupees fifty lacs for, is beautiful.

(iv) In the possessive case, ‘whose’ or ‘of which’ are used:

• My house, whose walls are made of stone, faces East.
• My chair, of which one leg is broken, is made of teak wood.
• ‘ Which’ can refer to a whole sentence:
• I bought this compass, which helped me a lot.
• A loud music was played near our house, which kept us awake throughout the night.

Relative Adverbs

The relative adverbs ‘when’, ‘where’, ‘why’ are used to replace a preposition and the relative pronoun ‘which’.

• ‘ When ’ is used for time. It replaces ‘ in/on which ’.
• ‘ Where’ is used for place. It replaces ‘in/at which’.
• ‘ Why’ is used for reason. It replaces for which’.
• That was the year in which this city was flooded.
• That was the year when this city was flooded.
• This is the house in which he lived.
• This is the house where he lived.
• This is the reason for which he was fined.
• This is the reason why he was fined.