Theme of Death and the Human Spirit: The poem explores the theme of death and its profound impact on the human spirit.
Lifelessness and Emptiness: It reflects on the idea of a lifeless figure, devoid of senses, emotions, and vitality.
Eternity Beyond Earthly Existence: The poet delves into the eternal nature of the human spirit, suggesting that it transcends earthly boundaries.
Detailed Summary
Introduction to the Speaker’s Slumber: The speaker begins by describing a profound slumber that has sealed their spirit, symbolizing a deep sense of emotional detachment and tranquility. This state leaves the speaker free from the usual fears that accompany human life, suggesting a peaceful, almost otherworldly stillness.
Personification of Death and Stillness: The speaker personifies this slumber as a feminine entity, portraying her as existing outside the realm of time and worldly concerns. She is unaffected by the passing of years and remains untouched by the natural aging process, indicating her timelessness and immortality.
Detachment from the Sensory World: In this state of slumber, the figure is described as completely disconnected from the physical world. She does not experience sensory input—neither hearing nor seeing the happenings around her—emphasizing a state of total stillness and detachment from life.
Endurance Beyond Time and Space: The speaker compares the slumbering figure to inanimate objects like rocks, stones, and trees that endure through the earth’s diurnal course. This highlights the timeless and passive nature of the spirit, which exists beyond the movement and changes of the living world.
Transcendence and the Eternal Spirit: The poem concludes by focusing on the eternal nature of the spirit, suggesting that death is not the end but rather a transition into an immutable, peaceful state that transcends the confines of earthly life.
Theme/MessageThemes:
Nature of Death: The poem contemplates the stillness and timelessness of death.
Immortality of the Spirit: It discusses the enduring nature of the human spirit beyond physical demise.
Message:
Death as Transformation: Death is portrayed as a transition into a state of tranquil existence.
Eternal Essence: The spirit is depicted as eternal and unchanging, untouched by worldly concerns.
Difficult Words
Slumber: A light sleep.
Spirit: The non-physical part of a person which is the seat of emotions and character.
Earthly: Relating to the earth or worldly matters.
Diurnal: Daily or relating to the daytime.
Diurnal course: The daily path or orbit of the earth.
Endure: To suffer patiently.
Numinous: Supernatural or mysterious.
Ephemeral: Lasting for a very short time.
Immutable: Unchanging over time or unable to be changed.
Transcendence: Existence or experience beyond the normal or physical level.
Visit to Pashupatinath Temple: The temple is filled with chaos, where devotees jostle for attention. Only Hindus are allowed entry, and a group of Westerners is denied access.
Scenes at Bagmati River: The river near the temple is both a site of daily life (washing and bathing) and death (a cremation), symbolizing the cycle of life.
Visit to Baudhnath Stupa: In contrast to Pashupatinath, Baudhnath is peaceful and quiet, surrounded by shops run by Tibetan immigrants.
Experience in Kathmandu: The city is crowded, noisy, and bustling with activity, with vendors selling various goods in the busy streets.
Reflection on Flute Seller: The narrator is captivated by the sound of the flute, reflecting on its universality and the connection it creates between people.
Flute Seller
Detailed Summary
Introduction to Kathmandu and Religious Sites: In this chapter, Vikram Seth narrates his experience during a visit to Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. The story revolves around his visits to two of the most famous religious sites in the city—the Pashupatinath Temple (Hindu) and the Baudhnath Stupa (Buddhist).
The Chaos at Pashupatinath Temple: The Pashupatinath Temple is full of noise and activity. Priests, hawkers, devotees, tourists, and animals like cows, monkeys, pigeons, and dogs crowd the temple grounds. Worshippers jostle and push to get blessings from the priests. Only Hindus can enter the main shrine, which causes tension when a group of Westerners in saffron robes tries to enter but is stopped by the temple guards.
Pashupatinath Temple
Scenes at Bagmati River: A memorable moment happens when two monkeys start fighting near the temple, causing a commotion as one runs toward the holy Bagmati River. By the river, life and death exist side by side—while a body is being cremated, washerwomen are washing clothes, and children are playing in the water. The river stands for both life and spiritual cleansing. Seth sees people throwing old offerings into the river, adding a mysterious feeling. There is also a half-submerged shrine believed to hold a goddess. A legend says that when it fully comes out of the water, the dark age (Kaliyug) will end.
The Serenity of Baudhnath Stupa: Baudhnath Stupa is calm and peaceful, very different from the noisy Pashupatinath Temple. This Buddhist shrine has a huge white dome and is surrounded by small shops selling Tibetan items like felt bags, prints, and silver jewelry, mostly run by Tibetan immigrants. The stupa’s quiet and serene atmosphere is a refreshing change from the busy streets of Kathmandu.
Baudhnath Stupa
The Bustling Streets of Kathmandu: Kathmandu is a city full of contrasts—busy, lively, and noisy. The streets blend modern and traditional life, with fruit sellers, flute sellers, postcard vendors, and shops offering Western goods like cosmetics and chocolates. The hustle and bustle is brought to life by the sounds of blaring film music, honking horns, and ringing bicycle bells.
Reflection on the Flute Seller: The narrator decides to return home, feeling homesick. He buys a ticket from Nepal Airlines for a flight to Delhi and spends his remaining time wandering the streets. Near his hotel, he meets a flute seller with dozens of bamboo flutes tied to a pole. The flute seller plays calm, soothing tunes that rise above the city’s noise. The narrator is touched by the music and stays to listen, reflecting on how the flute is a universal instrument found in many cultures, symbolizing shared human experiences beyond cultural differences.
Try yourself:
What is the atmosphere like at Baudhnath Stupa?
A.Dark and mysterious
B.Noisy and chaotic
C.Calm and peaceful
D.Crowded and tense
View SolutionTheme of the Story
The chapter highlights the contrasts between chaos and serenity in religious and cultural spaces, as well as the universality of human experiences. Through his observations, the narrator reflects on the shared aspects of life and death, spirituality, and the power of music to connect people across cultures. The chaos at Pashupatinath and the peace at Baudhnath represent the diverse spiritual experiences that coexist in Kathmandu. The flute, a recurring motif, symbolizes unity and the common thread of humanity that transcends borders and beliefs.
Difficult Words
Proclaims: To announce publicly or officially.
Febrile confusion: A state of hurried activity and chaos.
Submerged: Covered or hidden underwater.
Haven: A place of safety or refuge.
Brazier: An open stove used for grilling or cooking food.
Nauseating: Something that causes a feeling of sickness or disgust.
The poet of this powerful piece is Gieve Patel, an Indian poet, playwright, and painter. Born in 1940 in Mumbai, Patel has made significant contributions to Indian English literature. He is known for his vivid imagery and deep connection to nature, often reflecting on themes of life, growth, and the human experience. Patel’s poetry is characterized by its simplicity and clarity, making complex ideas accessible to readers. His works often explore the relationship between humans and the environment, the passage of time, and the struggles of life. Patel is also a trained doctor, which influences his writing, as he often incorporates elements of observation and detail akin to those in medical practice. His unique perspective allows him to delve into themes of life and mortality with a compassionate touch. Over the years, Patel has received numerous awards for his literary contributions, cementing his status as one of the prominent voices in contemporary Indian poetry.
Key Points of the Poem
The poem consists of two stanzas.
It explores the idea that killing a tree is not a simple task.
The poet describes the extensive growth and resilience of trees.
The poem emphasizes the importance of the roots in a tree’s life.
Patel suggests that to truly kill a tree, one must uproot it completely.
The imagery of the tree represents resilience and the struggle for survival.
The poem uses vivid metaphors related to nature and life.
The tone of the poem is serious and contemplative.
Theme/ MessageTheme
The complexities of destruction: The poem highlights that destroying something as resilient as a tree requires more than just superficial efforts.
Resilience of nature: It underscores the idea that nature has a remarkable ability to endure and recover from damage.
Life cycle and growth: The growth of a tree symbolizes life, demonstrating how it absorbs sustenance over the years.
The significance of roots: The roots represent the foundation of life, illustrating that true strength lies beneath the surface.
In this poem, the theme revolves around the difficulty of truly destroying something that has been nurtured over time. The poet uses the tree as a metaphor for life, emphasizing that superficial actions are not enough to eliminate something deeply rooted. The resilience of nature is portrayed through the imagery of a tree that continuously grows and heals, no matter how much it is hurt. The poem invites readers to reflect on the deeper connections and foundations that exist in life, suggesting that everything has a source that must be addressed to enact real change.
Message
True change requires thorough effort: The poet conveys that significant change or destruction necessitates a comprehensive approach, not just quick fixes.
Understanding the source of problems: The poem encourages readers to look deeper into issues, recognizing that the visible aspects are often supported by deeper roots.
Recognition of resilience: The message reflects a respect for nature’s ability to recover, which can be applied to human experiences as well.
Life’s challenges: Just as a tree faces challenges but continues to grow, people also endure hardships but are capable of resilience.
The message of the poem is profound and layered. It teaches that real change or destruction cannot happen through mere gestures; it requires a complete understanding of what lies beneath the surface. The poet draws attention to the roots of the tree, symbolizing the fundamental aspects of life that need to be addressed. By recognizing the resilience found within nature, readers are encouraged to appreciate their own strength and the strength of those around them. Ultimately, the poem leaves us with a sense of hope, suggesting that growth and healing are always possible, no matter the circumstances faced.
Detailed Summary
Stanza 1:
It takes much time to kill a tree, Not a simple jab of the knife Will do it. It has grown Slowly consuming the earth, Rising out of it, feeding Upon its crust, absorbing Years of sunlight, air, water, And out of its leprous hide Sprouting leaves. So hack and chop But this alone won’t do it. Not so much pain will do it. The bleeding bark will heal And from close to the ground Will rise curled green twigs, Miniature boughs Which if unchecked will expand again To former size.
Explanation: In this first part of the poem, the poet is telling us that it is not easy to destroy a tree. Imagine a big, strong tree that has been growing for a long time. Just using a knife to poke it won’t be enough to hurt it. The tree has roots that go deep into the ground, and it takes time for it to grow. The tree gets its food by drinking water, soaking up sunlight, and breathing in air. Its thick bark, which looks a little rough and old, protects it. Even if someone tries to cut it, the tree can heal, just like how our skin can heal when we get a scrape. If you cut the tree a little, it might even grow new little branches called twigs. These twigs can grow back into big branches if we don’t stop them. So, the poet is saying that cutting a tree doesn’t really make it go away; it can come back strong and healthy if we don’t take care of it.
Stanza 2:
No, The root is to be pulled out — Out of the anchoring earth; It is to be roped, tied, And pulled out — snapped out Or pulled out entirely, Out from the earth-cave, And the strength of the tree exposed The source, white and wet, The most sensitive, hidden For years inside the earth.
Explanation: In this next part, the poet tells us what really needs to be done to completely get rid of a tree. It is not enough to just cut the trunk or branches; we have to pull out the roots. The roots are like the tree’s feet, holding it in the ground. They go deep into the earth, which we can think of as a cosy cave. To remove the tree, we have to tie it up and pull it out of the ground. This is very hard work because the roots are strong and have been growing for a long time. When we finally pull out the roots, we can see the wet and white parts of the roots that have been hidden under the ground. These roots are very important for the tree because they take in water and nutrients from the soil to help the tree grow. This part of the poem shows us that to truly destroy the tree, we must take away what is keeping it alive and strong.
Stanza 3:
Then the matter Of scorching and choking In the sun and air, Browning, hardening, Twisting, withering, And then it is done.
Explanation: In the final part, the poet explains what happens after the tree has been removed from the ground. Without roots, the tree cannot drink water or get food. The sun and air will be very hot and dry for the tree. The tree will start to get brown and hard, and its leaves will twist and die. This is because the tree is not able to survive anymore without its roots. Once the tree is exposed to the sun and air, it cannot live, and eventually, it will wither away completely. The poet shows us that taking away the roots is like taking away the life of the tree. When we do that, the tree cannot come back, and it is completely gone. This part teaches us about the importance of roots in life, just like how we need food and water to stay healthy.
Try yourself:
What is the poet’s view on killing a tree?
A.It is a quick and easy process.
B.It requires a lot of time and effort.
C.It does not cause any pain to the tree.
D.It can be done with a simple knife.
View Solution
Difficult Words
Jab: A quick, sharp blow or thrust.
Leprous: Having a disease that causes skin sores; used metaphorically to describe a tree’s rough bark.
Twigs: Small, thin branches of a tree.
Curled: Bent into a spiral or curve.
Snapped: Broken suddenly.
Anchoring: Holding something firmly in place.
Cave: A large underground space; used metaphorically for the earth where roots are hidden.
Scorching: Burning or drying out by heat.
Choking: Struggling to breathe; metaphorically used for the tree’s struggle for survival.
Browning: Turning brown due to damage or decay.
Withering: Becoming dry and shrivelled; losing vitality.
Absorbing: Taking in or soaking up something.
Healed: Restored to health.
Strength: The quality of being strong; in this context, the vital components of the tree.
The chapter “Reach for the Top” tells the inspiring stories of two amazing women—Santosh Yadav, an Indian mountaineer, and Maria Sharapova, a famous tennis player. Both faced many challenges but reached great success through their hard work, strong will, and determination. Their journeys show how one can achieve great things by overcoming difficulties and breaking social barriers.
Part I: Santosh Yadav
Santosh Yadav’s life is about breaking traditional rules with courage and determination. Born in Joniyawas village, Haryana, she grew up in a society that preferred sons over daughters. But Santosh challenged these beliefs early on, driven by her passion for education and adventure. Her hard work and perseverance helped her become the first woman in the world to climb Mount Everest twice.
Santosh Yadav
Key Aspects of Santosh Yadav’s Journey
Defying Societal Norms: Growing up in a society where girls were expected to conform to traditional roles, Santosh stood out. She preferred wearing shorts instead of traditional attire and expressed a strong interest in pursuing her education.
Choosing Education Over Marriage: At the age of sixteen, when her family pressured her to get married, she chose instead to leave home and pursue education in Delhi. She was determined to build a future for herself, even planning to fund her studies through part-time work if necessary.
The Start of a Mountaineering Career: Her interest in mountaineering sparked during a chance encounter with mountaineers in the Aravalli Hills. This newfound passion led her to join the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering, where she honed her skills.
Historic Climb to the Top: In 1992, at just twenty years old, Santosh Yadav became the youngest woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest. Her determination and compassion were evident during the climb, as she saved the life of a fellow climber by sharing her oxygen.
Record-Breaking Feat: Santosh Yadav became the first woman to climb Mount Everest twice, a historic achievement that earned her widespread recognition, including the prestigious Padma Shri award.
Environmental Efforts: During her expeditions, she actively contributed to environmental conservation, helping to remove 500 kilograms of waste from the Himalayas.
Try yourself:What significant decision did Santosh Yadav make at the age of sixteen that set her on the path to becoming a mountaineer?
A.She decided to get married, following her family’s wishes.
B.She left home to pursue education in Delhi.
C.She started working full-time in her village.
D.She joined the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering immediately.
View Solution
Summary
Santosh Yadav, hailing from Joniyawas village in Haryana, grew up in a society where daughters were often not celebrated. However, from a young age, Santosh defied these expectations, opting for shorts over traditional attire and seeking an education, despite societal pressures. At sixteen, when many girls were married off, Santosh stood firm and left home to pursue education in Delhi, planning to support herself through part-time work.
Santosh Yadav discovered mountaineering by chance in the Aravalli Hills, but her interest soon became a passion. After training at the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering, she made history as the youngest woman to climb Mount Everest at 20. During the expedition, she showed great courage by saving a fellow climber’s life. Not stopping there, she climbed Everest again, becoming the first woman to do it twice.
Apart from her climbing success, Santosh helped protect the environment by removing 500 kilograms of waste from the Himalayas. Her journey of strength, perseverance, and kindness inspires climbers, especially women, everywhere.
Theme/Message
Breaking Gender Norms: Santosh’s life challenges and defies societal expectations placed on women, showing that one’s aspirations should not be limited by gender.
Perseverance: Her journey underscores the importance of persistence, determination, and hard work in overcoming life’s challenges.
Compassion and Leadership: Her willingness to save a fellow climber demonstrates that true success is not only about individual accomplishments but also about supporting others.
Difficult Words
Affluent – Wealthy
Endurance – The ability to withstand hardship
Perseverance – Persistence in achieving something despite difficulty
Compassion – Sympathetic concern for others
Solidarity – Unity among individuals with a common goal
Part II: Maria Sharapova
Maria Sharapova’s journey to the top of the tennis world is a story of hard work, sacrifice, and determination. Born in Siberia, she worked her way up to become the world’s number one tennis player. Even though she faced many challenges, like being separated from her mother and adjusting to life in the U.S., Maria stayed focused on her dream and never gave up.
Maria Sharapova
Key Aspects of Maria Sharapova’s Journey
Early Sacrifices: At just nine years old, Maria left her home in Siberia to train at a tennis academy in the United States. Accompanied only by her father, she endured a two-year separation from her mother due to visa issues.
Adapting to a New Environment: The move to the U.S. presented many challenges, including loneliness and adapting to a foreign culture, but Maria remained focused on her dream of becoming a professional tennis player.
Rapid Rise to Fame: Maria’s dedication bore fruit when, in 2004, she won Wimbledon, one of the most prestigious tournaments in the tennis world. Just a year later, she ascended to the world’s number one ranking in women’s tennis.
Resilience and Determination: Despite setbacks and obstacles, Maria’s mental toughness and competitive spirit pushed her to continually strive for excellence. Her journey is marked by a relentless pursuit of success, both on and off the court.
Connection to Her Roots: Even with her global fame, Maria remains proud of her Russian heritage and stays grounded by enjoying simple pleasures like fashion, reading, and indulging in pancakes with chocolate.
Try yourself:What major achievement did Maria Sharapova accomplish in 2004 that marked her rise to fame?
A.She became the youngest player to turn professional.
B.She won the prestigious Wimbledon tournament.
C.She was reunited with her mother after two years
D.She became the world’s number one tennis player.
View Solution
Summary
Maria Sharapova’s journey to tennis stardom began at the age of nine when she left her home in Siberia to train in the United States. With her father as her only support, she faced the challenges of separation from her mother and the difficulties of training in a new country. Despite these obstacles, Maria’s mental toughness and determination kept her focused on her goal.
Her hard work paid off in 2004 when she won the prestigious Wimbledon title, and by 2005, she had risen to the number one spot in women’s tennis. Throughout her career, Maria has been known for her competitiveness and drive, always striving for excellence both on and off the court. Despite her achievements, she remains connected to her Russian heritage and enjoys the simple pleasures in life.
Maria’s story serves as a testament to the power of sacrifice and hard work. She understands that tennis is not just a sport, but also a business, and she has remained committed to her ultimate goal of being the world’s best.
Theme/Message
Sacrifice for Success: Maria’s journey demonstrates the importance of sacrifice and hard work in achieving one’s goals.
Resilience: Her ability to overcome personal hardships and remain focused on her dreams illustrates the significance of mental toughness.
Ambition: Maria’s relentless drive to be the best in her field serves as an inspiration for aspiring athletes and individuals everywhere.
Difficult Words
Pinnacle – The highest point of achievement
Resilience – The ability to recover from challenges
Stardom – The status of being famous
Sacrifice – Giving up something valuable to achieve a goal
Perseverance – Persistence in the face of difficulties
The poem emphasizes the universal brotherhood among all people, irrespective of nationality or background.
It highlights the shared humanity that binds us all together.
The poem consists of multiple stanzas, each focusing on different aspects of human connection and the futility of hatred and division.
It urges the readers to remember that all individuals, regardless of their origins, share common experiences and emotions.
Detailed Summary
Remember, no men are strange, no countries foreign Beneath all uniforms, a single body breathes Like ours: the land our brothers walk upon Is earth like this, in which we all shall lie.
In this stanza, the poet is reminding us that no person is truly strange or foreign to us. Despite different appearances and nationalities, we all share a common humanity. The poet emphasizes that beneath the clothing that may distinguish us, we all share the same essence of being human. The land that our brothers and sisters inhabit is just like the land we walk on, and ultimately, we all return to the earth when we pass away.
They, too, aware of sun and air and water, Are fed by peaceful harvests, by war’s long winter starv’d. Their hands are ours, and in their lines we read A labour not different from our own.
This stanza highlights the common experiences shared by people in different parts of the world. Just like us, they are aware of the sun, air, and water that sustain life. They rely on peaceful harvests for sustenance, and in times of war and deprivation, they also suffer. The poet emphasizes the unity of humanity by stating that their hands are like ours, and in the lines on their palms, we can see the evidence of hard work that is no different from our own.
Remember they have eyes like ours that wake Or sleep, and strength that can be won By love. In every land is common life That all can recognize and understand.
In this stanza, the poet continues to emphasize the similarities between people across the globe. People everywhere have eyes that open and close, indicating their shared humanity. The poet suggests that strength can be gained through love, a universal emotion that transcends boundaries. Regardless of where we are from, there is a common thread of life that runs through all cultures and societies, something that everyone can relate to and appreciate.
Let us remember, whenever we are told To hate our brothers, it is ourselves That we shall dispossess, betray, condemn. Remember, we who take arms against each other
This stanza serves as a powerful reminder against hatred and division. The poet urges us to remember that when we are encouraged to hate others, it is ultimately ourselves that we harm. By giving in to hate, we dispossess not only others but also ourselves of compassion and understanding. Taking up arms against each other only results in mutual destruction and loss. It’s a plea for unity and peace rather than animosity and conflict.
It is the human earth that we defile. Our hells of fire and dust outrage the innocence Of air that is everywhere our own, Remember, no men are foreign, and no countries strange.
The final stanza underscores the impact of our actions on the world we share. By engaging in conflicts and polluting the environment, we desecrate the earth that sustains all of humanity. The poet highlights the irony of how we tarnish the purity of the air, which belongs to everyone. The message is a call to remember that we are all interconnected, and no one is truly foreign or strange. It’s a plea for understanding, cooperation, and respect for our common home.
Theme/Message
Themes:
The universality of human experience
Brotherhood and unity
Tolerance and empathy
The destructive nature of hatred and division
Message:
Emphasizes the importance of recognizing the humanity in all individuals
Encourages empathy and understanding across cultural and national boundaries
Warns against the dangers of prejudice and discrimination
Calls for unity and compassion in a world often plagued by conflict and division
Difficult Words
Foreign: Belonging to, situated in, or derived from another country.
Breathe: To take air, oxygen, etc., into the lungs and expel it.
Harvests: The yield of produce from plants in a single growing season.
Winter starved: To suffer or die from cold or hunger during the winter season.
Dispossess: Deprive (someone) of something that they own, typically their land or property.
Defile: To sully, mar, or spoil.
Outrage: An extremely strong reaction of anger, shock, or indignation.
Innocence: Lack of guile or corruption; purity.
Recognition: The action or process of recognizing or being recognized.
Condemn: To express complete disapproval of; censure.
Useful Expressions
Beneath all uniforms, … — the people of different countries wear various dresses but the human body is the same beneath them.
… in their lines we read — we all have the same hands by which we all produce the same type of goods, products and literature.
In every land is common life— in every country, the people are leading the same life. They feel pain and sorrow similarly.
whenever we are told To hate our brothers, … — the selfish people instigate the innocent to harm each other.
Remember, no men are foreign, and no countries strange —We should not forget that we all are the citizens of the world. Here, no one is a foreigner and no countries are strange. We have similar body and mind everywhere.
“My Childhood,” an excerpt from Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s autobiography Wings of Fire, takes us into his humble beginnings in Rameswaram, a small coastal town. From there, he rose to become India’s beloved President. The chapter shares heartwarming stories of his simple life, shaped by strong family values like kindness, honesty, hospitality, and unity.
About the Author
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (1931–2015), fondly called the “Missile Man of India,” was a brilliant scientist and the 11th President of India. He played a key role in India’s space and defence programs, contributing to the development of missiles that strengthened the nation’s defence capabilities.
Key Points of “My Childhood”
Family and Early Life: Kalam was born in a middle-class Tamil Muslim family in Rameswaram. His father, Jainulabdeen, was honest and disciplined; his mother, Ashiamma, was kind and generous. They lived in a spacious ancestral home on Mosque Street.
Early Responsibilities: During World War II, Kalam sold tamarind seeds and later delivered newspapers—his first earnings, which taught him the value of pride and hard work.
Values and Lessons: He inherited honesty and discipline from his father, and kindness from his mother. His friendships crossed religious lines, reflecting values of unity and equality.
Facing Prejudice: Kalam once faced discrimination at school but was supported by his Hindu friend’s father and his teacher, Sivasubramania Iyer, who promoted equality and broke social barriers.
Mentorship and Growth: Iyer’s support and encouragement inspired Kalam to dream big and overcome social limitations.
A New Beginning: With his father’s blessing, Kalam left Rameswaram to pursue higher studies, ready to soar like a seagull.
Detailed Summary
Dr. Kalam was born into a middle-class Tamil Muslim family in Rameswaram, a small town in Tamil Nadu. His father, Jainulabdeen, was a wise and generous man who lived a simple life and provided for the family’s basic needs. His mother, Ashiamma, was equally kind and often fed many people daily, reflecting the family’s spirit of generosity. Kalam describes his childhood home as a secure and peaceful place.
Kalam recalls his days as a curious and hardworking boy. During the Second World War, when he was just eight years old, he earned his first wages by selling tamarind seeds to a provision shop and then by helping his cousin distribute newspapers. This small job instilled a sense of pride and responsibility in him.
His family valued education, kindness, and discipline. Kalam inherited honesty and self-discipline from his father and faith in goodness of people from his mother. He grew up alongside friends from different religious and social backgrounds, such as Ramanadha Sastry, Aravindan, and Sivaprakasan. Despite their religious differences, their bond was strong, and they shared a deep sense of unity.
Try yourself:
What values did Dr. Kalam inherit from his parents in his childhood?
A.Kindness and generosity
B.Honesty and self-discipline
C.Unity and perseverance
D.Simplicity and humility
View Solution
The rigid social structure of Rameswaram was evident when a new teacher asked Kalam to sit at the back of the class because he was Muslim. This act of discrimination deeply saddened both Kalam and his friend Ramanadha Sastry, who cried when Kalam was moved. However, Ramanadha’s father, Lakshmana Sastry, stood up against this injustice, reprimanding the teacher and urging him to change his attitude. This incident left a lasting impact on Kalam.
Kalam’s science teacher, Sivasubramania Iyer, played a significant role in breaking social barriers and inspiring Kalam to aim high. Despite his orthodox beliefs, Iyer encouraged Kalam and treated him as an equal. When Iyer invited Kalam to his home for a meal, his wife initially objected due to their religious differences. However, Iyer served Kalam himself and later persuaded his wife to overcome her biases. This act of kindness and determination left a strong impression on Kalam.
As Kalam grew older, he aspired to study beyond Rameswaram. His father supported his decision, comparing him to a seagull that must fly high and explore. Quoting Khalil Gibran, his father emphasised that children must follow their own paths in life. With his family’s encouragement, Kalam left Rameswaram to pursue his education and build his future.
Theme & Message of “My Childhood”
Theme
The main theme of the chapter is the importance of values, unity, and mentorship in shaping a person’s life. It highlights how family support, childhood experiences, and the guidance of teachers can inspire someone to overcome challenges and achieve greatness. The chapter also touches on breaking social barriers and promoting equality.
Message
The chapter delivers the following messages:
Strong values shape strong people: Honesty, kindness, and discipline, as taught by Kalam’s parents, are the foundation of a successful life.
Unity in diversity: Friendship and harmony can thrive despite religious and social differences.
Mentorship matters: Good teachers and mentors can inspire you to aim high and break barriers.
Overcome social prejudice: Treat everyone equally, regardless of their background, to create a fair and just society.
Follow your dreams: With family support and determination, you can achieve your goals and rise above limitations.
Difficult Words
Austere: Simple, strict, and severe in lifestyle.
Erstwhile: Former or previous.
Inborn: A quality or feeling present from birth.
Princely Sum: A large amount of money, used ironically in this context to refer to a small amount.
Communal Intolerance: Hostility or prejudice against people from different religious or ethnic groups.
Unprecedented: Something that has never been done or experienced before.
Perturbed: Disturbed or troubled by something.
Orthodox: Strictly following traditional religious practices.
Segregation: The separation of people based on differences like race, religion, etc.
The poem “A Legend of the Northland” is written by Phoebe Cary, who was an American poet born on September 4, 1824, in Mount Healthy, Ohio. She, along with her sister Alice Cary, became well known for writing poetry that was simple, thoughtful, and full of moral lessons. Phoebe Cary’s works often reflect her religious beliefs, compassion for people, and her ability to teach values through storytelling.
One of Phoebe Cary’s greatest strengths was her talent for expressing meaningful ideas in language that connected with ordinary readers. She wrote many devotional and moral poems that are still remembered today. Her poetry often draws on folk tales, everyday life, and legends, making them engaging for children as well as adults. In “A Legend of the Northland,” she retells an old tale in the form of a ballad, combining rhythm, music, and a clear message about kindness and generosity.
Cary’s poetry is characterised by its simplicity, musical quality, and moral depth. She believed poetry could guide people toward better values and conduct. Although her life was short—she passed away on July 31, 1871—her works, including this poem, continue to inspire readers with their timeless lessons and gentle storytelling.
Key Points of the Poem
It tells the story of a greedy old woman who refuses to share her food with Saint Peter.
Saint Peter punishes her for her selfishness by transforming her into a bird.
The poem is set in a cold, northern land where the days are short and the nights are long.
It conveys a moral lesson about the consequences of greed and selfishness.
Detailed Summary
Away, away in the Northland, Where the hours of the day are few, And the nights are so long in winter That they cannot sleep them through; Where they harness the swift reindeer To the sledges, when it snows; And the children look like bear’s cubs In their funny, furry clothes: They tell them a curious story — I don’t believe ’tis true; And yet you may learn a lesson If I tell the tale to you.
Explanation: In this stanza, the poet describes the setting of the story. The “Northland” refers to a cold, snowy region near the North Pole, where days are very short and nights are very long in winter. People there use reindeer to pull sledges over the snow, and children wear thick, furry clothes that make them look like little bear cubs. The poet then says that the people of this region tell a strange or curious story. Although the poet admits that it may not be literally true, she suggests that the story carries an important moral lesson for everyone.
Once, when the good Saint Peter Lived in the world below, And walked about it, preaching, Just as he did, you know, He came to the door of a cottage, In travelling round the earth, Where a little woman was making cakes, And baking them on the hearth; And being faint with fasting, For the day was almost done, He asked her, from her store of cakes, To give him a single one.
Explanation: In this stanza, the poet introduces Saint Peter, who was one of the disciples of Jesus Christ. He is described as traveling around the world, preaching and spreading religious teachings. While on his journey, Saint Peter grew very tired and weak because he had been fasting (not eating) the whole day. By evening, he reached a poor cottage where a woman was baking cakes on the hearth (fireplace). Feeling hungry, he humbly requested her to give him just one small cake from the many she had.
So she made a very little cake, But as it baking lay, She looked at it, and thought it seemed Too large to give away. Therefore she kneaded another, And still a smaller one; But it looked, when she turned it over, As large as the first had done. Then she took a tiny scrap of dough, And rolled and rolled it flat; And baked it thin as a wafer — But she couldn’t part with that. For she said, “My cakes that seem too small When I eat of them myself Are yet too large to give away.” So she put them on the shelf.
Explanation: In this stanza, the woman reveals her selfish and greedy nature. When Saint Peter asked her for a cake, she first made a very small one, but as it baked, she felt it looked too large to give away. So, she made another, even smaller than the first, but when she turned it over, it still seemed just as big. Finally, she took a tiny bit of dough and rolled it out very thin, almost like a wafer, yet she could not bring herself to part with it. She reasoned that when she ate the cakes herself, they seemed too small, but when it came to giving them to someone else, they appeared too large. Thus, she put all the cakes on the shelf instead of sharing even a morsel with the hungry Saint Peter. This shows how greed prevents people from being generous, even when they have enough for themselves.
Then good Saint Peter grew angry, For he was hungry and faint; And surely such a woman Was enough to provoke a saint. And he said, “You are far too selfish To dwell in a human form, To have both food and shelter, And fire to keep you warm. Now, you shall build as the birds do, And shall get your scanty food By boring, and boring, and boring, All day in the hard, dry wood.”
Explanation: In this stanza, Saint Peter becomes very angry with the woman. He was already weak and tired with hunger, and her extreme selfishness was enough to upset even a saint, who is usually very patient and forgiving. He tells her that she is too greedy and self-centered to live as a human being, enjoying the comforts of food, shelter, and warmth. As a punishment, he curses her to live like a bird. From now on, she would no longer eat proper food or live in a cozy home. Instead, she would have to build her nest as birds do and spend the whole day boring into the hard, dry wood to search for tiny insects to eat. This transformation was meant to teach her a lesson about the consequences of selfishness and the importance of generosity.
Then up she went through the chimney, Never speaking a word, And out of the top flew a woodpecker, For she was changed to a bird.
Explanation: In this stanza, the poet describes the magical transformation of the selfish woman. As soon as Saint Peter cursed her, she rose up through the chimney without saying a single word. When she came out from the top, she was no longer a woman but had been changed into a bird — the woodpecker. This sudden change symbolises the punishment for her greed and selfishness. From then on, she would have to live like a woodpecker, always searching for her food by pecking into trees, instead of enjoying the comfort of a home and plenty of food.
She had a scarlet cap on her head, And that was left the same; But all the rest of her clothes were burned Black as a coal in the flame. And every country schoolboy Has seen her in the wood, Where she lives in the trees till this very day, Boring and boring for food.
Explanation: In this stanza, the poet describes how the woman looked after her transformation into a woodpecker. The red cap she had been wearing on her head remained unchanged, but the rest of her clothes were burned black in the fire, giving the bird its typical black feathers with a red crown. The poet then adds that every schoolboy can see such a bird in the woods, living on trees. From that day till now, the woodpecker has been spending its life boring holes into the hardwood of trees to find food. This ending connects the legend to real life, showing how a moral story is linked to nature.
Theme/ MessageTheme
Greed: The main theme of the poem is greed. The old woman’s inability to share her food with Saint Peter highlights how greed can lead to negative consequences.
Consequences of Actions: The poem illustrates that every action has consequences. The woman’s selfishness leads to her punishment, teaching us that we must consider the impact of our choices.
Transformation and Redemption: The transformation of the woman into a bird signifies a loss of humanity, but it also opens up a new way of living, suggesting that change can lead to new opportunities.
Humility: The poem underscores the importance of humility and generosity. The old woman’s failure to share reflects a lack of these virtues.
Try yourself:What was the old lady’s reaction when Saint Peter asked for a piece of cake?
A.She gave him the first cake she baked.
B.She gave him the second cake she baked.
C.She gave him the third cake she baked.
D.She did not give him any cake.
View Solution
Message
The poem delivers a strong message about the dangers of selfishness and the importance of sharing. When the old woman refuses to share, she faces a severe consequence that forever alters her existence.
It teaches readers that being greedy can lead to isolation and hardship. The woman’s transformation into a woodpecker symbolizes how her greed has stripped her of human connections and happiness.
The story encourages us to be mindful of our actions and their effects on others. It serves as a reminder that generosity enriches our lives and the lives of those around us.
Finally, the poem suggests that it is never too late to learn a lesson. Even after her transformation, the woman continues to survive, implying that life goes on, and we can always strive to become better individuals.
Literary Devices in the Poem
1. Rhyme Scheme
The poem is written in a ballad form with a regular rhyme scheme ABCB.
Away, away in the Northland, (a) Where the hours of the day are few, (b) And the nights are so long in winter (c) That they cannot sleep them through; (b)
2. Alliteration (repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words)
“They tell them a curious story” – repetition of the t sound.
“Build as the birds do” – repetition of the b sound.
3. Repetition
Words like “boring, and boring, and boring” are repeated to emphasise the continuous hard work of the woodpecker.
4. Imagery
Vivid descriptions appeal to the senses: “The children look like bears’ cubs in their funny, furry clothes.” “Scarlet cap on her head… clothes burned black as coal.”
5. Simile (comparison using “like” or “as”)
“The children look like bear cubs” – compares children in furry clothes to bear cubs.
6. Symbolism
The transformation into a woodpecker symbolises punishment for selfishness and greed.
The red cap symbolises the trace of her human identity that remains.
7. Hyperbole (exaggeration)
“Enough to provoke a saint” – exaggerates how selfish the woman was, as even a saint lost patience.
8. Personification
The poem personifies Saint Peter as a traveller who becomes angry and curses the woman, showing human-like emotions.
9. Didactic Tone
The entire poem has a moral, teaching generosity and condemning greed.
Difficult Words
Legend: A traditional story sometimes popularly regarded as historical but not verifiable.
Angered: To make someone very mad or upset.
Greed: An intense and selfish desire for something, especially wealth or power.
Fasting: The act of abstaining from all or some kinds of food or drink for a period of time.
Scarlet: A bright red colour.
Provoked: To stimulate or incite someone to do or feel something, especially to provoke anger.
Selfish: Lacking consideration for others; concerned chiefly with one’s own personal profit or pleasure.
Boring: To make a hole in something by drilling or similar means.
Cottage: A small simple house, typically in the countryside.
Hearth: The floor of a fireplace, often extending into a room; symbolises warmth and home.
Humility: A modest or low view of one’s own importance; humbleness.
Transformation: A thorough or dramatic change in form or appearance.
Woodpecker: A bird known for pecking holes in trees to find food or create nests.
Scanty: Small or insufficient in quantity or amount.
Introduction“The Snake and the Mirror” by Vaikom Muhammad Basheer is a funny and suspenseful story about a young doctor’s encounter with a snake. It highlights human self-admiration and how unexpected events can turn life upside down. Vaikom Muhammad Basheer was a famous Malayalam writer known for his simple stories filled with humor and life lessons. His works are loved for their relatable characters and unique style, making him one of India’s most respected authors.
Key Points of the Story
The story is about a young, unmarried doctor who lived in a small, rented room shared with rats.
One night, while admiring himself in the mirror, the doctor dreamed of improving his looks and marrying a rich, fat woman doctor.
Suddenly, a snake fell on his shoulder and coiled around his arm, its hood just inches from his face.
Frozen with fear, the doctor prayed silently, unable to move, fearing the snake would bite him.
The snake turned its attention to the mirror, seeming fascinated by its reflection, and uncoiled from the doctor’s arm.
The doctor used this opportunity to escape from the room and ran to safety.
Later, he discovered that a thief had stolen most of his belongings that night, leaving behind only his dirty vest.
The doctor humorously reflected on the incident, including the irony of the snake’s vanity and his unrealistic marriage dreams.
This light-hearted story combines humor and suspense, showing how tense situations can later be laughed about.
Detailed Summary
The narrator of the story is a doctor. He is telling this story to some of his friends. He tells the story of his encounter with a deadly snake. He is a homeopath. He says that he had just started his practice in those days when he was living in a rented room.
It was a hot summer night. The time was about ten o’clock. He had just returned home after taking his meals at a restaurant. He lighted the kerosene lamp, as his house was not electrified. After some time, he opened the two windows in the room. Then he sat down on the chair and took out a book to read. Apart from the lamp, there was a large mirror on the table. In those days, the doctor bothered much about his looks, as he was a bachelor. He picked up a comb and parted his hair. He looked at his reflection in the mirror and smiled at his own image. There were rats in the room which constantly made noises.
The doctor got up, and paced up and down the room. He decided that he would marry. He thought that he would marry a woman doctor who had plenty of money and good medical practice. He decided that he would marry a fat lady so that she would not be able to run after him if he wanted to run away. He resumed his seat in the chair in front of the table. There were no more sounds of rats. Suddenly something fell on the back of his chair with a thud. He was horrified to see that there was a large snake on the back of the chair. Just then the snake came on his shoulder. Before the doctor could think and act, the snake coiled itself around his left arm. Its hood was spread and its head was hardly three or four inches from his face.
The doctor was turned to stone with fear. But his mind was active. He prayed to God to save him. It appeared as if God had heard his prayer. The snake turned its head and looked into the mirror. It appeared to like its own image. Then the snake unwound itself from the doctor’s arm and fell into his lap. From there the snake crept onto the table. It moved towards the mirror. Perhaps it wanted to see its image closely. Now the doctor acted quickly. Still holding his breath, he got up slowly from the chair. Then he ran out of the house. He went to the house of one of his friends and spent the night there.
Next morning, he took his friend and one or two others to his room. He had decided to shift to some other house. He was shocked to find that there was nothing left in his room. Some thief had taken away most of his things. There was no sign of the snake either.
Try yourself:
What did the doctor dream of while admiring himself in the mirror before the snake incident?
A.Getting a new job
B.Improving his looks and marrying a rich, fat woman doctor
C.Traveling the world
D.Buying a new house
View Solution
Theme/MessageThemes: The story explores themes of vanity, fear, and humor in unexpected situations. It highlights human tendencies to admire oneself, the sudden unpredictability of life, and how humor can lighten even scary moments.
Message: The story teaches us to stay calm in difficult situations and find humor in life’s challenges. It also reminds us not to be overly proud of our looks or dreams, as life is unpredictable and full of surprises.
Difficult Words1. Coiled: Twisted or wound together in a spiral. 2. Meagre: Insufficient in amount or quantity. 3. Gables: Triangular portions of a wall at the end of a pitched roof. 4. Admiring: Regard with respect or warm approval. 5. Wriggled: Twist and turn with quick writhing movements. 6. Simultaneous: Occurring, operating, or done at the same time. 7. Lurked: Be or remain hidden so as to wait in ambush for someone. 8. Contemplative: Expressing or involving prolonged thought. 9. Unwound: Reverse the winding or twisting of. 10. Composure: The state or feeling of being calm and in control. 11. Ordeal: A painful or horrific experience. 12. Divine: Relating to or proceeding directly from God. 13. Introspection: The examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes. 14. Navigating: Plan and direct the course of a ship, aircraft, or other form of transportation. 15. Circumstances: A fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action.
The protagonist decides to leave for Innisfree to build a small cabin and live in solitude.
He plans to have nine bean-rows, a beehive, and enjoy the tranquility of nature.
Peace is described as coming slowly in the morning, with nature’s sounds soothing the soul.
The setting is depicted with vivid imagery of midnight, noon, and evening.
The protagonist hears the sounds of the lake water even when he is away from it.
Summary
I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree, And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made: Nine bean-rows will I have there, a hive for the honeybee, And live alone in the bee-loud glade.
In this stanza, the speaker expresses his desire to leave his current place and travel to Innisfree, where he plans to build a small cabin using clay and wattles. He envisions having nine bean-rows and a beehive for honeybees in this serene location, where he intends to live in solitude surrounded by the buzzing sounds of bees in the tranquil glade.
And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings; There midnight’s all a glimmer, and noon a purple glow, And evenings full of the linnet’s wings.
In this stanza, the speaker anticipates finding peace in Innisfree. He describes how peace descends slowly, like droplets falling from the morning mist where the crickets chirp. The speaker paints a picturesque scene where midnight shimmers, noon radiates a purple hue, and evenings are filled with the fluttering wings of the linnet bird, all contributing to the tranquility and beauty of the place.
I will arise and go now, for always night and day I hear the lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore; While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements grey, I hear it in the deep heart’s core.
In this stanza, the speaker reaffirms his determination to depart for Innisfree. He explains that day and night, he hears the gentle, rhythmic sounds of the lake water lapping against the shore. Even when he is amidst the noise of the roadway or the dull pavements, the sound of the lake resonates within his deepest emotions, emphasizing the profound connection he feels towards the natural beauty and serenity of Innisfree.
Theme/ Message
Theme: Connection with Nature
The theme of the poem revolves around the speaker’s deep desire to connect with nature, seeking solace and peace in the simplicity and beauty of the natural world.
Message: Finding Inner Peace
The message conveyed is the importance of finding inner peace and tranquility by immersing oneself in nature, away from the hustle and bustle of daily life.
Useful Expressions
… And live alone in the bee-loud glade —The poet will live in the natural surroundings with the honey bees humming all around.
… bee-loud glade — A green place where the honey bees hum over.
… come dropping slow/Dropping from the veils of the morning— peace comes slowly from everywhere when morning sets in.
… to where the cricket sings —The cricket sings happily and greets the morning.
… evenings full of the linnet’s wings— The linnets sitting in the tree flutter and fly, they create a pleasant sound.
… lake water lapping with low sounds— The lake water striking the shore creates a pleasant murmuring sound.
Difficult Words
Arise: To get up or stand up.
Innisfree: A symbolic place representing peace and tranquility in nature.
Wattles: Framework of twigs used for building.
Hive: A structure where bees are kept.
Bee-loud: Describing the noisy buzzing of bees.
Glimmer: A faint or wavering light.
Linnet: A small songbird.
Lapping: The gentle sound of water against a shore or object.
Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany, in 1879.
He was a late talker and often solitary as a child.
Albert Einstein
2. Academic and Personal Achievements
Excelled in mathematics and physics, studying in Switzerland.
Married Mileva Maric, with whom he had two sons, but later divorced.
3. Groundbreaking Theories
Published the Special Theory of Relativity in 1905.
Developed the General Theory of Relativityin 1915, redefining gravity.
4. Migration and Global Impact
Emigrated to the U.S. in 1933 due to the rise of the Nazis in Germany.
Urged U.S. President about the potential devastation of the atomic bomb.
5. Advocacy for Peace
Advocated for world government and peace efforts.
Died in 1955, celebrated for his contributions to science and global citizenship.
Detailed Summary
Early Life and Childhood: Albert Einstein was born on 14th March 1879, in the German city of Ulm. Despite becoming one of the greatest minds in history, his early life did not hint at his future brilliance.
His mother thought he was unusual due to his large head, and he did not begin speaking until the age of two-and-a-half. Even then, he would repeat everything he said, earning him the nickname “Brother Boring” from his peers due to his preference for solitude and lack of interest in playing with other children.
There is even a story, likely more legend than fact, shared by historian Otto Neugebauer. According to the tale, after a long silence at the dinner table, young Einstein finally spoke, declaring, “The soup is too hot.” When asked why he hadn’t spoken before, he replied, “Because up to now everything was in order.”
Albert Einstein with his sister
Education and Personal Relationships: Einstein showed early signs of brilliance, particularly in mechanical toys, once wondering why his newborn sister didn’t have wheels.
Though a headmaster predicted he would fail in life, Einstein excelled in most school subjects, especially in Munich, before leaving school at the age of 15 due to his disdain for the rigid rules.
In Switzerland, Einstein pursued higher education in mathematics and physics at the University of Zurich. Here, he met Mileva Maric, a fellow student who shared his love for science. They married and had two sons, although their marriage eventually ended in divorce.
Theories and Scientific Contributions: Despite difficulties in finding a job after university, Einstein began working at a patent office in Bern. Even while fulfilling his official duties, he secretly worked on his scientific ideas, referring to his desk drawer as the “bureau of theoretical physics.”
In 1905, Einstein published his Special Theory of Relativity, which introduced his famous equation, E=mc², revolutionizing the understanding of mass and energy. His personal life faced challenges, including a strained marriage with Mileva, but his professional life continued to flourish.
In 1915, Einstein presented the General Theory of Relativity, a groundbreaking work that redefined gravity. His theory was later confirmed during a solar eclipse in 1919, cementing his reputation as one of the most significant scientific minds of the 20th century.
Migration and Global Citizenship Einstein’s fame grew, and he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. However, with the rise of the Nazis in Germany, he emigrated to the United States in 1933. There, he witnessed the development of the atomic bomb during World War II. Deeply concerned about the destructive potential of this weapon, Einstein urged U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to consider its implications. Advocacy for Peace and Legacy The devastation caused by the atomic bomb led Einstein to advocate for global peace, calling for the establishment of a world government to prevent further conflict. He spent his later years working for peace and democracy. Einstein passed away in 1955, leaving behind not just a scientific legacy but also a profound impact on the global peace movement.
Themes and Messages of the Chapter
Themes:
The pursuit of knowledge and scientific discovery.
The impact of personal relationships on life choices.
The responsibility of scientists in societal and political matters.
The quest for peace and global cooperation.
Messages:
Intelligence and brilliance do not shield one from personal struggles.
Individual actions can have profound consequences on a global scale.
Continuous learning and adaptation are essential for progress.
Glossary & Difficult Words
Freak: A person who is unusual and doesn’t behave, look, or think like others.
Amateur: Doing something for personal enjoyment rather than as a profession.
Regimentation: Order or discipline taken to an extreme.
Stifled: Unable to breathe; suffocated.
Liberal: Willing to understand and respect others’ opinions.
Philistines: People who do not like art, literature, or music.
Patent: A document granting rights of an invention to the inventor.
Absolute: Measured in itself, not in relation to anything else.
Deflected: Changed direction due to hitting something.
In an Uproar: Very upset.
Faltered: Became weak.
Unraveling: Starting to fail or weaken.
Missive: A letter, especially long and official.
Visionary: A person who can think about the future in an original way.
Advocated: Publicly supported or recommended.
Global Citizenship: A sense of belonging to a community beyond national boundaries.
Profound: Very great or intense.
Consequences: Results or effects of a particular action or situation.
Adaptation: Changing to suit a new situation or environment.
