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Business Letters

A personal letter is simple, sincere, and friendly (i.e. informal) in tone. A business letter (Complaints, Enquiries, Placing Orders) on the other hand, is formal and matter-of-fact. It aims to transact some particular business. These letters are written to or by offices, business firms, etc. 
The business letter differs from the personal letter in two ways :
1. The form of the business letter differs from that of the personal letter.
2. The language of the business letter is more formal than that of the personal letter. The intimate, chatty style which is appropriate to a personal letter is generally not used in a business letter.

(1) Replacement of Defective Washing Machine

You are Geeta / Mohit of 26, Urban Estate, Sector 13, Kurukshetra. Last week, you bought an automatic Samsung washing machine from Messrs Gupta Electronic Stores, Main Bazaar, Panipat. The machine has turned out to be a defective piece. Pointing out the defects, write a letter of complaint to the dealer with a request to replace the machine with a new piece at the earliest.
Ans.
26 Urban Estate
Sector 13
Kurukshetra 16 March 20    
Messrs Gupta Electronic Stores
Main Bazaar
Panipat
Subject : Replacement of ‘Samsung’ Washing Machine
Dear Sir
I bought from your store an automatic ‘Samsung’ washing machine last week, against cash memo No. 11562 dated 10-03-20    . I regret to inform you that the machine doesn’t work satisfactorily. It doesn’t wash the clothes properly, and makes an unbearably loud noise. I think there is something gravely wrong with its motor or ball bearings. The first wash in the machine came as a great dismay to all in the family who stood expectantly around it. I bought the machine on your assurances of its excellent working which have all proved untrue. I think it is only a freak case of manufacturing defect. I request you to replace the machine at the earliest since it is difficult for us to do without it. A written one year’s warranty on this machine has been given by you.
Yours faithfully
Geeta

(2) Trade Inquiry About Readymade Garments

Write a letter of enquiry to Messrs Khanna Exports, Mumbai, enquiring about various kinds of readymade garments.
Ans.
Modern Fashion Store
Railway Road
Rohtak-124001
28 October 20    
Messrs Khanna Exports
Andheri East, Mumbai

Subject : Enquiring about readymade garments

Dear Sir
We wish to place a bulk order in respect of items mentioned below, and want them delivered at our premises latest by the end of the next month.

Kindly let us know the minimum price for these items and also the rate of trade discount allowed onthem. An immediate reply would be appreciated so that the order can be finalised.
Yours faithfully
Pawan Aggarwal (Partner)

(3) Placing Order For Steel Furniture

Write a letter to a firm placing an order for the steel furniture for your office.
Ans.
Gopal Estate
G.T. Road
Hissar-125001
10th April, 20
Messrs Bhogal Steel Fabricators
G-14 Industrial Area
Panipat-132103

Subject: Placing an order for the steel furniture

Dear Sir
Kindly arrange to supply to us the following items of steel furniture for our new office on the G.T. Road. The quotations in respect of their prices have already been sent by you in response to our inquiry dated 29th May, 20__.

Please see that the items supplied are free of any manufacturing defect and are nicely polished.
Yours faithfully
Ashok Goel
(Office Superintendent)

(4) Placing Order For Medical Items

You are the in-charge of the Medical Section of Gyanodaya Public School, Nehru Vihar, Alwar. Your stock of medicines is about to finish. Write a letter to the Director of Jambo Medicare, Delhi, ordering medical items like glucose, crocin, bandages, tincture, pain-healers, ointments, etc. Ask for discount on bulk order. Invent other necessary details.
Ans.
Gyanodaya Public School
Nehru Vihar
Alwar (Rajasthan)
26 August 20    
The Director
Jambo Medicare Delhi
Subject : Supply of Medical Items for the School
Sir
The following medical items are running out of stock. Kindly supply the same as soon as possible. The list is given below :


All the items should bear long expiry dates. The payment will be made by the school as soon as the supply is received. I hope you will not forget to give the maximum discount you usually give on bulk orders.
Yours sincercely
Rajdev Singla
(In-charge Medical Section)

(5) Inability To Execute An Order In Time

You are unable to execute an order by due date. Write a letter to your customer, expressing regret and explaining why the delay is unavoidable. Ask for an extension of seven days’ time.
Ans.
XYZ Cotton Mills Ltd.
84 Industrial Estate Surat
26 April 20_ _
Messrs ABC & Co.
Railway Road
Panipat
Subject : Inability to Execute Order in Time
Dear Sir
Your order No. 00642, dated 14 March, 20    was due to be executed by April 30. But we regret to inform you that due to some unavoidable reasons, we won’t be able to supply you the ordered items in time. There have been labour problems in the entire cotton industry and as such production has almost come to a standstill in all the mills over here. However, in our mill the production is going on, though at a subdued speed.
We are indeed sorry for not being able to execute the order in time and request you to allow us to extend the period of delivery by a week at least. We hope you will bear with us and not mind the inconvenience.
Yours faithfully
V.K. Ohri
(Manager)

(6) Complaint About A Tv Set

Ravi Sundram of 28, Civil Lines, Sonepat, bought a colour TV set from Messrs Ram Electronics, 14, Bazaar Marg, Sonepat, a month ago. Now he finds that the sound is not clear and the picture changes to black and white from time to time. He writes a letter to the dealer, complaining about the same and requesting him to attend to it at the earliest. Write the letter for Ravi Sundram.
Ans.
28 Civil Lines
Sonepat
28 March 20_ _  
Messrs Ram Electronics
14 Bazaar Marg
Sonepat
Subject : A Recently-bought Colour TV Set
Dear Sir
I bought a Venus Colour TV set from your shop against cash memo No. 1786, dated 17.02.20 . I regret to inform you that the set is not working properly, to the great dismay of each one in the house. The sound is not clear and the volume keeps fluctuating automatically. The picture also changes to black and white from time to time. The set is still under warranty, and I request you to attend to it at your earliest.
I hope you’ll enable us to watch on our TV the one-day Singer World Cup cricket matches going to commence next Monday.
Thanking you
Yours faithfully
Ravi Sundram

(7) Complaint About Video Camera

You are Anshuman, staying at 8, Netaji Nagar, Hissar. Last month, you bought a video camera from Ultra Modern Electronic House, Prince Road, Hissar, against a warranty of 2 years. Now you find that there is something wrong with this camera. It doesn’t work for more than 30-40 seconds at a stretch. Write a letter to the dealer, complaining about this problem. Also request him to replace the defective piece against the warranty that goes with it.
Ans.
8 Netaji Nagar Hissar
19 Dec. 20_ _
Messrs Ultra Modern Electronic House
Prince Road
Hissar
Subject : Defects in the Recently-bought Video Camera
Dear Sir
I bought a video camera from your Electronic House last month. I bought it against cash memo no.1786, dated 17.11.20_ _, and it has a two-year warranty. It is hardly one month since I bought the camera and have used it only a couple of times. But now I find that there is something gravely wrong with this camera. It doesn’t work for more than 30-40 seconds at a stretch. I’ve to keep pushing the button again and again to have it going on. It is requested that the defective piece should be replaced immediately since I’ve to cover some important functions with it in the coming week. Please have the camera replaced at
your earliest and oblige.
Yours faithfully
Anshuman

(8) Poor Arrangements By The Travel Agency

You are Sujal / Sujata of Pragya Public School, Nangal, Punjab, who had arranged a trip for fifty students to Nanital during summer vacation for ten days with ‘Mount Travels and Tourism’. The arrangements done by the travel agency were far below standard. The accommodation and food facilities were inferior in quality. Write a letter of complaint to the director of the agency to stop duping tourists with false promises as it tarnishes the image of locals.    (Sample Paper 2018-19)
Ans.
Pragya Public School
Nangal (Punjab)
20 June 20_ _
The Director
Mount Travels and Tourism
Nangal
Sir
We had organized a tour to Nanital for as many as fifty students during the summer vacation. It was a ten-day tour. For this, the arrangements were made by your Agency. But I am very sorry to say that the arrangements done by your Agency were not up to the mark. They were far below standard. The board and lodging facilities were of a very poor quality. Why do you people put up tall claims if you are unable to come up to customers’ expectations? Kindly stop duping tourists, for it mars the image of locals. Improve your services, otherwise we will not like to avail ourselves of the services of your Agency next time.
Yours sincerely
Sujata (Head Teacher)

(9) For Booking A Room In A Five Star Hotel

This summer vacation, you are planning to visit Shimla. Write a letter to a travel agency in Shimla, requesting them to book you a room in a five-star hotel. Give the details of your stay and the facilities you require there. Sign your name as Leela / Mohan, C/5, Nehru Nagar, Dibrugarh, Assam.
Ans.
C/5 Nehru Nagar
Dibrugarh
Assam
09 February 20_ _
Messrs Goel Travel Agents
The Mall, Shimla

Subject: Requesting to book a room in a five-star hotel

Dear Sir
I intend to visit Shimla during the coming summer vacation. I shall be staying there for a fortnight, i.e. from 15.6.20_ _ to 28.6.20_ _. So I request you to have a room booked for me in Hotel Savoy. I shall be reaching Shimla in the afternoon of June 15 th. Please have a taxi, preferably a Maruti Zen, reserved for me for all the days of my stay at Shimla. Also arrange for a good guide who can take me around all the places worth seeing in and around Shimla. Please let me know when you have made all the arrangements for me.
Yours truly
Mohan

(10) Cancelling An Order

You placed an order with Messrs Readymade Garments, Hissar, for the supply of cotton shirts. But they have delayed the execution of the order. Write a letter to them, canceling the order.
Ans.
R.N Cotton and Synthetic Garments, Gaziabad
Telephone: 2754002
04 April 20_ _
Messrs Readymade Garments
Rohtak Road, Hissar

Subject:  Canceling the order

Sir
We placed an order with you on 5th March for 100 pieces of cotton shirts to be delivered by 20th March. But till now we have received neither the goods nor any letter from you. The time of delivery has long expired and we are compelled to cancel the order, and should the goods arrive, they will now be refused.
Yours faithfully
Ram Nath Jindal
(Proprietor)

Letter Writing
Questions on the following types of letters can be asked in the examination.
(1) Business Letters
— asking for and giving some information
— placing orders and sending replies.
(2) Official Letters
— making enquiries
— registering complaints.
(3) Letters to the Editor
— giving suggestions on an issue.

The Form of a Letter
A letter has usually the following seven parts.
1. SENDER’S ADDRESS AT THE TOP RIGHT-HAND CORNER :
9, Mahatma Gandhi Road,
Adayar,
Chennai—600 020.
This is written at the top right-hand (or nowadays left-hand) corner of the page. Look at the punctuation shown above. At the end of each line of the address, there is a comma. There is a full stop at the end of the last line of the address. In recent times, there has been a change in the style of punctuation. The commas and full stops at the end of the lines are omitted. The address can be written as shown below :
9 Mahatma Gandhi Road Adayar
Chennai—600 020

2. DATE :
The date is written below the sender’s address. There are many ways of writing the date.
Here is an example :
9, Mahatma Gandhi Road,
Adayar,
Chennai—600 020.
September 12th, 20.
If you omit commas in the address, the date also must be written in the same manner :
9 Mahatma Gandhi Road
Adayar
Chennai—600 020
12 September 20    
Other ways of writing the date are :
12th September 20    
12th Sept. 20    
12 Sept. 20

3. RECEIVER’S ADDRESS :
In a business letter, the Name and Designation of the addressee is placed on the left, two or three lines below the line of the date (which is on the right). Each line of the inside address begins on the left margin. Here is an example :
Shenai and Shenai Auditors
Court Chambers Mumbai—400 020
Another Example :
The Divisional Superintendent
Central Railway Vijayawada—520 001

4. SALUTATION :
Sir or Dear Sir for an individual.
Sirs or Dear Sirs for a firm or company.
If the letter is addressed to a woman, the form is :
Madam
If the person who will read the letter is known to you, you can address him by name :
Dear Mr Reddy

5. BODY OF THE LETTER :
A business letter must be very brief and to the point. Nothing except things related to business should be written in it. All unnecessary details should be avoided.

6. SUBSCRIPTION OR THE COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE :
The following phrases are used in the ending of a business letter —
Yours truly
or
Yours faithfully
In very formal letters such as to high dignitaries, we can write —
Yours respectfully
If we have used a personal name in the salutation, the subscription should be —
Yours sincerely

7. SIGNATURE :
A formal business letter requires your full signature. Below the signature, the name and designation of the person are written or typed. For example,
Yours faithfully
Satinder Sikka
Manager
These seven parts will be found in every business letter. But in some letters you will find a few more parts.
When there is a long correspondence on a particular subject and the letters have to be filed for future reference, they are given reference numbers above the inside address. With the help of these reference numbers, the receiver of the letter will be able to trace the previous correspondence on the subject and gather the information necessary for making decisions.
After the signature at the close of the letter, there is a mention (on the left-hand margin) of the papers enclosed with the letter. You can mention the number of papers enclosed, or give a list of the enclosures.

Examples

Example 1: Informal Letter: Letter to Your Cousin Enquiring about Her First Visit to Ethiopia

Example 2: Formal Letter: Letter to the Editor about a road that needs repair

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used to describe actions that will be ongoing up until a certain point in the future. This tense emphasizes the duration of an action that will continue until a specific time in the future.

Use of since and for

Since gives the starting point of actions, events or states. It refers to when things began.

Since + a point in time (in the past), until now.

We use For when we measure the duration – when we say how long something lasts.

For + a period of time.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense Formula for First Person Singular/ Plural, Second Person and Third Person Singular/Plural

The formula for Future Perfect Continuous Tense is as follows: I / We/ You/ They/ Common Noun/ Proper Noun + Will/ Shall + have been + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’+ object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for Future Perfect Continuous Tense:

1) I shall have been studying hard for my exam since Sunday.
मैं रविवार से अपनी परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत कर रहा हूँगा ।

2) We will have been going to work for 2 weeks.
हम दो सप्ताह से काम पर जा रहे होंगे।

3) Ram will have been sleeping at 11 p.m since Saturday.
राम शनिवार से रात ११ बजे सो रहा होगा ।

4) He will have been shopping for four hours.
वह चार घंटे तक खरीदारी करता रहा होगा।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add ‘not’ before have been and the rest of the rule remains the same.
I / We/ You/ They/ Common Noun/ Proper Noun + Will/ Shall + not + have been + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’+ object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for Future Perfect Continuous Tense:

1) I shall not have been studying hard for my exam since Sunday.
मैं रविवार से अपनी परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं कर रहा हूँगा।

2) We will not have been going to work for 2 weeks.
हम 2 सप्ताह से  काम पर नहीं जा रहे होंगे ।

3) Ram will not have been sleeping at 11 p.m since Saturday.
राम शनिवार से रात ११ बजे नहीं सो रहा होगा ।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add Will/ Shall at the start of the sentence followed by the subject and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).

Will/ Shall +  I / We/ You/ They/ Common Noun/ Proper Noun + have been + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’+ object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Future Perfect Continuous Tense:

1) Shall I have been studying hard for my exam since Sunday?
क्या मैं रविवार से अपनी परीक्षा के लिए मेहनत कर रहा हूँगा?

2) Will we have been going to work for 2 weeks?
क्या हम 2 सप्ताह से  काम पर जा रहे होंगे?

3) Will Ram have been sleeping at 11 p.m since Saturday?
क्या राम शनिवार से रात ११ बजे सो रहा होगा?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add Will/ Shall at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).

Will/ Shall +  I / We/ You/ They/ Common Noun/ Proper Noun + not + have been + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’+ object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Future Perfect Continuous Tense:

1) Shall I not  have been studying hard for my exam since Sunday?
क्या मैं रविवार से अपनी परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं कर रहा हूँगा?

2) Will we not have been going to work for 2 weeks?
क्या हम 2 सप्ताह से  काम पर जा नहीं  रहे होंगे?

3) Will Ram not have been sleeping at 11 p.m since Saturday?
क्या राम शनिवार से रात ११ बजे नहीं  सो रहा होगा?

Future Perfect Continuous Tense Exercises

Q. Translate the following sentences using the future perfect continuous tense exercises and check the answers.
1. स्वाति तीन घंटे से काम कर रही होगी।
2. वे सुबह से कड़ी मेहनत कर रहे होंगे।
3. वह दस दिनों से ऑफिस नहीं  आ रही होगी?
4. क्या वे पंद्रह मिनट से नाच रहे होंगे?
5. क्या वह दो दिन से खा रहा होगा?

 Answers:
1. Swati will have been working for three hours.
2. They will have been working hard since morning.
3. She will not have been coming to the office for ten days.
4. Will they have been dancing for fifteen minutes?
5. Will he have been eating for the last two days?

Future Perfect Tense

Future Perfect Tense indicates that an action will have been completed (finished or “perfected”) at some point in the future. It also denotes actions which will start and complete at defined point of time in the future.

Future Perfect Tense Formula for First Person Singular/ Plural, Second Person and Third Person Singular/ Plural

The formula for Future Perfect Tense is as follows: I / We/ You/ They/ Common Noun/ Proper Noun + Will/ Shall + have + verb (past participle form)+ object (optional)

Let us see some example of Future Perfect Tense sentences with a formula:

1) I shall have studied hard for my exam.
मैंने अपनी परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन कर लिया होगा ।

2) You will have gone to work.
आप काम पर चले गए होंगे।

3) They will have slept at 11 p.m.
वे 11 बजे सो गए होंगे।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add ‘not’ before the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

I / We/ You/ They/ Common Noun/ Proper Noun + Will/ Shall +have not + verb (3rd form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for Future Perfect Tense:

1) I shall have not studied hard for my exam.
मैंने अपनी परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया होगा ।

2) You will have not gone to work.
आप काम पर नहीं गए होंगे।

3) They will have not slept at 11 p.m.
वे रात 11 बजे नहीं सोए होंगे।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘Will/ Shall’ at the start of the sentence followed by the subject and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).

Will/ Shall + I / We/ You/ They/ Common Noun/ Proper Noun + have + verb (3rd form) + object (optional)?
Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Future Perfect Tense:

1) Shall I have studied hard for my exam?
क्या मैंने अपनी परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन कर लिया होगा ?

2) Will you have gone to work?
क्या आप काम पर चले गए होंगे?

3) Will they have slept at 11 p.m?
क्या वे 11 बजे सो गए होंगे?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add Will/ Shall at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not be’ and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).

Will/ Shall + I / We/ You/ They/ Common Noun/ Proper Noun + not have + verb (3rd form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Future Perfect Tense:

1) Shall I not have studied hard for my exam?
क्या मैंने अपनी परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं कर लिया होगा?

2) Will you not have gone to work?
क्या आप काम पर नहीं गए होंगे?

3) Will they not have slept at 11 p.m.?
क्या वे रात 11 बजे नहीं सोए होंगे?

Future Perfect Tense Exercise

Q. Translate the following using the future perfect tense exercise and check answers.
1. वह खाना बना चुका होगा |

2. क्या हम सोमवार तक नये मकान में शिफ्ट कर चुके होंगे?

3. शाम अमेरिका से लौट चुका  होगा। 

4. कल उसने राम को तोहफ़ा दे दिया होगा। 

5. तुम चार साल बाद विशेषज्ञ बन चुके होगे।  

 Answers:
1. He will have cooked food.

2. Shall we have shifted into the new house by Monday?

3. Sham will have returned from America.

4. He will have given the gift to Ram tomorrow.

5. You will have become a scientist after four years.

Future Continuous Tense

The  future continuous tense  indicates an action that will be ongoing at a specific point in the future. This tense is exclusively used with  action verbs  , which describe activities that occur over a period of time.
Examples of action verbs include:

• Running 
• Thinking 
• Seeing 

Future Continuous Tense Formula for First Person Singular/ Plural, Second Person and Third Person Singular/Plural

The formula for Future Continuous Tense is as follows: I / We/ You/ They/ Common Noun/ Proper Noun + Will/ Shall + be + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for Future Continuous Tense:

1) I shall be studying hard for my exam.
मैं परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन कर  रहा हूँगा ।

2) He will be going to work next week.
वह अगले सप्ताह काम करने जा रहा होगा ।

3) They will be sleeping till late on Saturday.
वे शनिवार की देर रात तक सो रहे होंगे।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add ‘not’ before the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

I / We/ You/ They/ Common Noun/ Proper Noun + Will/ Shall +  not be + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for Future Continuous Tense:

1) I shall not be studying hard for my exam on Sunday.
मैं रविवार को अपनी परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं कर रहा हूँगा।

2) He will not be going to work next week.
वह अगले हफ्ते काम पर नहीं जा रहा होगा।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add Will/ Shall at the start of the sentence followed by the subject and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).

Will/ Shall + I / We/ You/ They/ Common Noun/ Proper Noun + be + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Future Continuous Tense:

1) Shall I be studying hard for my exam on Sunday?

क्या मैं रविवार को अपनी परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन कर रहा हूँगा?

2) Will he be going to work next week?
क्या वह अगले हफ्ते काम करने जा रहा होगा?

3) Will they be sleeping till late on Saturday?
क्या वे शनिवार को देर रात तक सोते रहेंगे?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add Will/ Shall at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not be’ and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).

Will/ Shall + I / We/ You/ They/ Common Noun/ Proper Noun + not be + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Future Continuous Tense:

1) Shall I not be studying hard for my exam on Sunday?
क्या मैं रविवार को अपनी परीक्षा के लिए मेहनत नहीं कर रहा हूँगा?

2) Will he not be going to work next week?
क्या वह अगले हफ्ते काम पर नहीं जा रहा होगा?

3) Will they not be sleeping till late on Saturday?
क्या वे शनिवार को देर रात तक सोते नहीं  रहेंगे?

Difference between ‘Will’ and ‘Shall’
The earlier rule of the American English was that ‘shall’ was used with the first person rules of tenses whereas ‘will’ was used with second and third person rules of tenses.
For example:

1) I shall be going to the gym tomorrow.
2) They will be leaving for Delhi tomorrow.

But when a strong determination for something is to be expressed the use of ‘will’ and ‘shall’ is reversed.
For example:
1) I will not go to the market.
2) You shall go to the party.

Although use of both these is interchangeable but ‘Shall’ is now used very rarely as ‘will’ has replaced its use.

Future Continuous Tense Exercise

Q. Translate the following sentences using future continuous tense exercise and check the answers.
1. क्या मोहन नहा रहा होगा?

2. चौकीदार रात को सो रहा  होगा।

3. वह कल मिठाई बाँट रहा होगा।

4. सोहन अगले महीने इम्तेहान की तैयारी कर रहा होगा।

5. मैं रात को आठ बजे भोजन खा रहा हूँगा।

Answers:
1. Will Mohan be bathing?

2. Gatekeeper will be sleeping at night.

3. He will be distributing sweets tomorrow.

4. Sohan will be preparing for exam next month.

5. I will be eating dinner at 8 o’clock at night.

Definition: Simple Future Tense is used to express an action that will occur or happen in the future. The simple future tense refers to a time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty.

Simple Future Indefinite Tense Formula for First Person Singular/ Plural

The formula for Simple Future Indefinite Tense when the First Person is Singular or Plural is that the sentence starts with the subject i.e I/ We, then a verb in its 1st form, followed by an object which is optional.

So, we can say that the formula for Simple Future Indefinite Tense for First Person Singular is as follows: I/ We + shall + verb (1st form)+ object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for Simple Future Indefinite Tense when the First Person is Singular/ Plural:

1) I shall study hard for exams.
मैं परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन करूँगा।

2) I shall go to work every day.
मैं हर दिन काम पर जाऊँगा।

3) We shall sleep late on Saturdays.
हम शनिवार को देर से सोएंगे।

For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add ‘shall not’ before the root form of the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

I/ We + shall not + verb (1st form)+ object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for Simple Future Tense when the First Person is Singular /Plural:

1) I shall not study hard for exams.
मैं परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं करूँगा।

2) I shall not go to work everyday.
मैं रोज काम पर नहीं जाऊँगा।

For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add Shall at the start of the sentence followed by Subject and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Shall + I/ We + verb (1st form)+ object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Simple Future Tense when the Person is Singular/ Plural:

1) Shall I study hard for exams?
क्या मैं परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन करूंगा?

2) Shall I go to work everyday?
क्या मैं रोज़ काम पर जाऊंगा?

3) Shall we sleep late on Saturdays?
क्या हम शनिवार को देर से सोएंगे ?

For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘Shall’ at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Shall + I/ We + not + verb (1st form)+ object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Simple Future Tense when the Person is Singular/ Plural:

1) Shall I not study hard for exams?
क्या मैं परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं करूंगा?

2) Shall I not go to work everyday?
क्या मैं रोज़ काम पर नहीं जाऊंगा?Simple Future Tense Formula for Second Person, Third Person Singular/ Plural

The formula for Simple Future Tense when the Second Person, Third Person Singular/ Plural are involved is that the sentence starts with You/ He/ She/ Common or proper nouns/ They, with will and  then a verb in its 1st form followed by an object which is optional. So, we can say that the formula for Simple Future Tense for Second Person, Third Person Singular/ Plural is as follows: You/ He/ She/ Common or proper nouns/ They + will + verb (1st form)+ object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for Simple Future Tense when the Second Person, Third Person Singular/ Plural are involved:

1) You will study hard for exams.
आप परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन करेंगे।

2) He will go to work every day.
वह प्रतिदिन काम पर जाएगा।

For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add ‘not’ before the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

You/ He/ She/ Common or proper nouns/ They + will + not + verb (1st form)+ object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for Simple Future Tense when the Second Person, Third Person Singular/Plural are involved:

1) You will not study hard for exams.
आप परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं करेंगे।

2) He will not go to work everyday.
वह रोज काम पर नहीं जाएगा।

3) She will not sleep late on Saturdays.
वह शनिवार को देर से नहीं सोएगा।

For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘Will’  at the start of the sentence followed by the subject and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Will + [subject] + verb (root form) + object(optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Simple Future Tense when the Second Person, Third Person Singular/Plural are involved:

1) Will you study hard for exams?
क्या आप परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन करेंगे?

2) Will he go to work everyday?
क्या वह रोज़ काम पर जाएगा?

For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ’Will’ at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Will + [subject] + not + verb (root form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Simple Future Tense when Second Person, Third Person Singular/Plural are involved:

1) Will you not study hard for exams?
क्या आप परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं करेंगे?

2) Will he not go to work everyday?
क्या वह रोज़ काम पर नहीं जाएगा?

Understanding the Past Perfect Continuous Tense

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense describes an action that began before a specific moment in the past and continued up until that moment.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense Formula for First Person Singular

The formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the First Person is Singular is that the sentence starts with ‘I’ and ‘had been’, then a verb in its 1st form with ‘ing’, followed by an object which is optional.

So, we can say that the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense for First Person Singular is as follows: ‘I’ + had + been+ verb (1st  form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the First Person is Singular:

1) I had been studying hard for exams at that time.
तब मैं परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन कर रहा था।

2) I had been eating food when she came .
जब वह आई तब मैं खाना खा रहा था।

3) I  had been sleeping when the bell rang.
जब घंटी बजी मैं सो रहा था।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add ‘not’ before the 1st form of the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

‘I’ + ‘had’ + not + been + verb ( 1 st form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the First Person is Singular:
1) I had not been studying hard for exams at that time.
तब मैं परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं कर रहा था।

2) I had not been eating food when she came .
जब वह आई तब मैं खाना नहीं खा रहा था।

3) I  had not been sleeping when the bell rang.
जब घंटी बजी मैं नहीं सो रहा था ।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘Had’ at the start of the sentence followed by the subject  and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Had + [subject] + been + verb (1st form) with+ object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the Person is Singular:

1) Had I been studying hard for exams?
क्या मैं परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन कर रहा था?

2) Had I been eating food when she came?
क्या जब वह आई तब मैं खाना खा रहा था?

3) Had I been sleeping when the bell rang?
क्या जब घंटी बजी, मैं सो रहा था?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘Had ’at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.

had + [subject] + not  been+ verb (1st form) with ing+ object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the Person is Singular:

1) Had I not been studying hard for exams?
क्या मैं परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं कर रहा था?

2) Had I not been eating food when she came?
क्या जब वह आई तब मैं खाना नहीं खा रहा था?

3) Had I not been sleeping when the bell rang?
क्या जब घंटी बजी, मैं सो नहीं रहा था?

Past Perfect Continuous Tense Formula for First Person Plural

The formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the First Person is Plural are that the sentence starts with ‘We’ and had been, then a verb in its 1st form followed by an object which is optional. So, we can say that the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense for First Person Plural is as follows –

‘We’ + had + been+ verb(1st  form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the First Person is Plural:

1) We had been studying hard for exams at that time.
तब हम  परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन कर रहे थे।

2) We had been eating food when she came .
जब वह आई तब हम खाना खा रहे थे।

3) We had been sleeping when the bell rang.
जब घंटी बजी हम सो रहे थे ।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add ‘not been’ before the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

‘We’ + had + not been + verb (1st  form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional).

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the First Person is Plural:

1) We had not been studying hard for exams at that time.
तब हम परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं कर रहे थे।

2) We had not been eating food when she came .
जब वह आई तब हम खाना नहीं खा रहे थे।

3) We had not been sleeping when the bell rang.

जब घंटी बजी, हम सो नहीं रहे थे ।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘had’  at the start of the sentence followed by the subject and the rest of the rule remains the same.

had +  We been + verb (1st  form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) Had we been studying hard for exams at that time?
क्या तब हम परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन कर रहे थे?

2) Had we been eating food when she came?
क्या  जब वह आई तब हम खाना खा रहे थे?

3) Had we been sleeping when the bell rang?
क्या जब घंटी बजी, हम सो रहे थे ?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ’had’ at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not been’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Had + [subject] + not been+ verb (1st form) with ing+ object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of negative interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) Had we not been studying hard for exams at that time?
क्या तब हम परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं कर रहे थे?

2) Had we not been eating food when she came?
क्या जब वह आई तब हम खाना नहीं खा रहे थे?

3) Had we not been sleeping when the bell rang?
क्या जब घंटी बजी, हम सो नहीं रहे थे?

Past Perfect Continuous Tense Formula for Second Person

The formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when there is a Second Person involved are that the sentence starts with ‘you’ and ‘had been’, then a verb in its 1st  form with ing, followed by an object which is optional.

So, we can say that the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when a Second Person is involved is as follows:

‘You’ + had + been+ verb (1st  form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when a Second Person is involved:

1) You had been studying hard for exams at that time.
तब आप परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन कर रहे थे।

2) You had been eating food when she came .
जब वह आई तब आप खाना खा रहे थे।

3) You had been sleeping when the bell rang.
जब घंटी बजी आप सो रहे थे ।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add ‘had not’ before the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

‘You’ + had + not been+ verb (1st  form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when there is a second person:

1) You had not been studying hard for exams at that time.
तब आप परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं कर रहे थे।

2) You had not been eating food when she came .
जब वह आई तब आप खाना नहीं खा रहे थे।

3) You had not been sleeping when the bell rang.
जब घंटी बजी आप सो नहीं रहे थे ।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘had’  at the start of the sentence followed by ‘you been’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Had + you + been+ verb (1st  form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when there is a Second Person Involved:

1) Had you been studying hard for exams?
क्या आप परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन कर रहे थे?

2) Had you been eating food when she came?
क्या जब वह आई तब आप खाना खा रहे थे?

3) Had you been sleeping when the bell rang?
क्या जब घंटी बजी, आप सो रहे थे?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘Had’ at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Had + you + not been + verb(1st  form) with ing+ object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when there is a second person involved:

1) Had you not been studying hard for exams?
क्या आप परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं कर रहे थे?

2) Had you not been eating food when she came?
क्या जब वह आई तब आप खाना नहीं खा रहे थे?

3) Had you not been sleeping when the bell rang?
क्या जब घंटी बजी, आप सो नहीं रहे थे?

Past Perfect Continuous Tense Formula for Third Person Singular

The formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the Third Person is Singular are that the sentence starts with He, She, Common noun or proper noun with ‘had’, then a verb in its 1st form with ing  followed by an object which is optional.

So, we can say that the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense for Third Person Singular is as follows:

He/ She/ Common Nouns/ Proper Nouns + had + been+ verb(1st  form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the Third Person is Singular:

1) He had been studying hard for exams at that time.
तब वह परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन कर रहा था।

2) Ram had been eating food when she came .
जब वह आई तब राम खाना खा रहा था।

3) She had been sleeping when the bell rang.
जब घंटी बजी वह सो रही थी ।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add ‘not’ before the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

He/ She/ Common Nouns/ Proper Nouns + had + not been+ verb (1st  form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the Third Person is Singular:

1) He had not been studying hard for exams at that time.
तब वह परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं कर रहा था।

2) Ram had not been eating food when she came .
जब वह आई तब राम खाना नहीं खा रहा था।

3) She had not been sleeping when the bell rang.
जब घंटी बजी वह सो नहीं रही थी ।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘had’ at the start of the sentence followed by He/ She/ Common Nouns/ Proper Nouns and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Had + subject( He/ She / Common Nouns / Proper Nouns) + been + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’+ object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the Third Person is Singular:

1) Had he been studying hard for exams at that time?
क्या तब वह परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन कर रहा था?

2) Had Ram been eating food when she came?
क्या जब वह आई तब राम खाना खा रहा था?

3) Had she been sleeping when the bell rang?
क्या जब घंटी बजी वह सो रही थी ?

Negative Interrogative Sentences

For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘Had’ at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Had + subject (He/ She/ Common Nouns/ Proper Nouns) + not been + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’+ object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of negative interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the Third Person is Singular:

1) Had he not been studying hard for exams at that time?
क्या तब वह परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं कर रहा था?

2) Had Ram not been eating food when she came?
क्या जब वह आई तब राम खाना नहीं खा रहा था?

3) Had she not been sleeping when the bell rang?
क्या जब घंटी बजी वह सो नहीं रही थी ?

Past Perfect Continuous Tense Formula for Third Person Plural

The formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the Third Person is Plural are that the sentence starts with ‘They’ or common nouns and ‘had’, then a verb in its 1st form followed by an object which is optional

So, we can say that the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense for Third Person Plural is as follows: They/ Common Nouns + had been + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’+ object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) They had been studying hard for exams at that time.
तब वे  परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन कर रहे थे।

2) Boys had been eating food when she came .
जब वह आई तब लड़के खाना खा रहे थे।

3) They had been sleeping when the bell rang.
जब घंटी बजी वे  सो रहे थे ।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add ‘not been’ before the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

They/ Common Nouns + had + not been + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’+ object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) They had not been studying hard for exams at that time.
तब वे  परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं कर रहे थे।

2) Boys had not been eating food when she came.
जब वह आई तब लड़के खाना नहीं खा रहे थे।

3) They had not been sleeping when the bell rang.
जब घंटी बजी वे  सो नहीं रहे थे ।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘Had’ at the start of the sentence followed by ‘They/ Common nouns’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Had + they/ common nouns + been+ verb (1st form) with ing + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) Had they been studying hard for exams at that time?
क्या तब वे  परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन कर रहे थे?

2) Had boys been eating food when she came?
क्या जब वह आई तब लड़के खाना खा रहे थे?

3) Had they been sleeping when the bell rang?
क्या जब घंटी बजी वे  सो रहे थे?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘Had’ at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Had + they/ common nouns + not  been+ verb (1st form) with + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of negative interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Continuous Tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) Had they not been studying hard for exams at that time?
क्या तब वे  परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं कर रहे थे?

2) Had boys not been eating food when she came?
क्या जब वह आई तब लड़के खाना नहीं  खा रहे थे?

3) Had they not been sleeping when the bell rang?
क्या जब घंटी बजी वे  सो नहीं  रहे थे?

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE EXERCISES

Q. Translate the following sentences in past perfect continuous tense exercises and check the answers.
1. क्या मैं चार बजे से सो रही थी?

2. हम चार दिनों से रोटी नहीं खा रहे थे।

3. सुबह से बारिश हो रही थी।

4. रीटा पाँछ वर्षों से नृत्य सीख रही थी।

5. वे १९८४ से इस घर में रह रहे थे।

 Answers:
1. Had I been sleeping since four o’clock?

2. We had not been eating food for four days.

3. It had been raining since morning.

4. Rita had been learning dance for five years.

5. They had been living in this house since 1984.

Understanding the Past Perfect Tense

The Past Perfect Tense is used to indicate that an action was completed at a certain point in the past before another action took place.

Past Perfect Tense Formula for First Person Singular

The formula for Past Perfect Tense when the First Person is Singular is that the sentence starts with ‘I’ and ‘had’ , then a verb in its 3rd form, followed by an object which is optional.

So, we can say that the formula for Past Perfect Tense for First Person Singular is as follows: ‘I’ + had + verb(3rd  form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for Past Perfect Tense when the First Person is Singular:

1) I had studied hard for exams.
मैं परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत कर चुका था।

2) I had gone to work.
मैं काम पर जा चुका था ।

3) I  had slept late on Saturday.
मैं शनिवार को देर से सोया था।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add ‘not’ before the 3rd form of the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

‘I’ + ‘had’+ not + verb (3rd form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Tense when the First Person is Singular:

1) I had not studied hard for exams.
मैं परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत नहीं कर चुका था।

2) I had not gone to work.
मैं काम पर नहीं जा चुका था ।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘was’ at the start of the sentence followed by the subject and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Had + [subject] + verb (3rd form)+ object(optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Tense when the Person is Singular:
1) Had I studied hard for exams?

क्या मैंने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन किया था?

2) Had I gone to work every day?
क्या मैं हर दिन काम करने गया था?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘Had ’at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.

had + [subject] + not + verb (3rd form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Tense when the Person is Singular:

1) Had I not  studied hard for exams?
क्या मैंने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया था?

2) Had I not  gone to work?

क्या मैं काम पर नहीं गया था?

3) Had I not slept late on Saturday?
क्या मैं शनिवार को देर से नहीं सोया था?

Past Perfect Tense Formula for First Person Plural

The formula for Past Perfect Tense when the First Person is Plural are that the sentence starts with ‘We’ and had, then a verb in its 3rd form followed by an object which is optional. So, we can say that the formula for Past Perfect Tense for First Person Plural is as follows: ‘We’ + had + verb (3rd form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for Past Perfect Tense when the First Person is Plural:
1) We had studied hard for exams.

हमने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन किया था।

2) We had gone to work.
हम काम पर गए थे।

3) We had slept late on Saturday.
हम शनिवार को देर से सोए थे।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add ‘not’ before the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

We’ + had + not + verb(3rd  form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Tense when the First Person is Plural:

1) We had not studied hard for exams.
हमने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया था।

2) We had not gone to work.
हम काम पर नहीं गए थे।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘had’  at the start of the sentence followed by the subject and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Had + [subject] + verb (3rd form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Tense when the Third Person is Plural:
1) Had we studied hard for exams?
क्या हमने परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की थी?

2) Had we gone to work?
क्या हम काम पर गए थे?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ’had’ at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Had + [subject] + not + verb (3rd  form)+ object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Tense when the Third Person is Plural:
1) Had we not studied hard for exams?

क्या हमने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया था?

2) Had we not gone to work?
क्या हम काम पर नहीं गए थे?

3) Had we not slept late on Saturday?
क्या हम शनिवार को देर से नहीं सोए  थे?

Past Perfect Tense Formula for Second Person

The formula for Past Perfect Tense when there is a Second Person involved are that the sentence starts with ‘you’ and ‘had’, then a verb in its 3rd form, followed by an object which is optional.

So, we can say that the formula for Past Perfect Tense when a Second Person is involved is as follows: ‘You’ + had + verb (3rd form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for Past Perfect Tense when a Second Person is involved:

1) You had studied hard for exams.
आपने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन किया था।

2) You had gone to work.
तुम काम पर गए थे।

3) You had slept late on Saturday.
आप शनिवार को देर से सोए थे।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add ‘had not’ before the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

‘You’ + had + not + verb (3rd  form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Tense when there is a second person:
1) You had not studied hard for exams
आपने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया था

2) You had not gone to work.
आप काम पर नहीं गए थे।

3) You had not slept late on Saturday.
आप शनिवार को देर से नहीं सोए थे।

Interrogative Sentences 
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘had’  at the start of the sentence followed by ‘you’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Had + you + verb (3rd  form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Tense when there is a Second Person Involved:

1) Had you studied hard for exams?
क्या आपने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन किया था?

2) Had you gone to work?
क्या आप काम पर गए थे?

3) Had you slept late on Saturday?
क्या आप शनिवार को देर से सोए थे?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘Had’ at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Had + you + not + verb(3rd  form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Tense when there is a second person involved:

1) Had you not studied hard for exams?
क्या आपने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया था?

2) Had you not gone to work?
क्या आप काम पर नहीं गए थे?

Past Perfect Tense Formula for Third Person Singular

The formula for Past Perfect Tense when the Third Person is Singular are that the sentence starts with He, She, Common noun or proper noun with ‘had’, then a verb in its 3rd form with   followed by an object which is optional.

So, we can say that the formula for Past Perfect Tense for Third Person Singular is as follows: He/ She/ Common Nouns/ Proper Nouns + had + verb (3rd  form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for Past Perfect Tense when the Third Person is Singular:

1) He had studied hard for exams.
उन्होंने परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत से पढ़ाई की थी।

2) Father had gone to work.
पिता काम पर गए थे।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add ‘not’ before the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

He/ She/ Common Nouns/ Proper Nouns + had + not + verb(3rd form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Tense when the Third Person is Singular:

1) He had not studied hard for exams
उन्होंने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया था

2) He had not gone to work.
वह काम पर नहीं गया था।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘had’ at the start of the sentence followed by He/ She/ Common Nouns/ Proper Nouns and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Had + subject (He/ She/ Common Nouns/ Proper Nouns) + verb (root form) + object(optional)

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Tense when the Third Person is Singular:

1) Had he studied hard for exams?
क्या उसने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन किया था?

2) Had father gone to work?
क्या पिताजी काम पर गए थे?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘Had’ at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Had+ [subject] + not + verb (3rd form)  + object(optional)

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Tense when the Third Person is Singular:

1) Had he not studied hard for exams?
क्या उसने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया था?

2) Had father not gone to work?
क्या पिताजी काम पर नहीं गए थे?

Past Perfect Tense Formula for Third Person Plural

The formula for Past Perfect Tense when the Third Person is Plural are that the sentence starts with ‘They’ or common nouns and had , then a verb in its 3rd form followed by an object which is optional

So, we can say that the formula for Past Perfect Tense for Third Person Plural is as follows: They/ Common Nouns + had + verb (3rd  form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for Past Perfect Tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) They had studied hard for exams.
उन्होंने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन किया था।

2) Boys had gone to work.
लड़के काम पर गए थे।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add ‘not’ before the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

They/ Common Nouns + had + ‘not’ + verb(3rd  form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) They had not studied hard for exams

उन्होंने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया था

2) They had not gone to work.
वे काम पर नहीं गए थे।

3) They had not slept late on Saturday.
वे शनिवार को देर से नहीं सोए थे।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘Had’ at the start of the sentence followed by ‘They/ Common nouns’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Had + they/ common nouns + verb (3rd form) + object (optional) ?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) Had they studied hard for exams?

क्या उन्होंने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन किया था?

2) Had they gone to work?

क्या वे काम पर गए थे?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘Had’ at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.
Had + they/ common nouns + not + verb (3rd form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Past Perfect Tense when the Third Person is Plural:
1) Had they not studied hard for exams?
क्या उन्होंने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया था?

2) Had they not gone to work?
क्या वे काम पर नहीं गए थे?Past Perfect Tense Exercises

Q. Translate the following sentences using the Past Perfect Tense exercises and the answers follow:
1. मैं टेलीविज़न  देख  चुकी  थी।
2. हम खाना पहले ही खा चुके थे
3.  वह मेरे उठने से पहले ही  जा चुका था।
4. वे गाना गा  चुके थे।
5. क्या हम कपड़े धो चुके थे?

Answers:
1. I had watched television.
2. We had already eaten our meal.
3. He had left before I woke up.
4. They had sung the song.
5. Had we washed the clothes?

Understanding the Simple Past Tense

The  simple past tense  is used to describe actions that were completed in the past, before the present time. This tense is the fundamental way to express past actions in English.

Simple Past Indefinite Tense Formula for First Person Singular

The formula for Simple Past Tense when the First Person is Singular is that the sentence starts with ‘I’ , then a verb in its 3rd form, followed by an object which is optional.

So, we can say that the formula for Simple Past Tense for First Person Singular is as follows: ‘I’ + verb(3rd form)+ object (optional).

Let us see some example sentences with formula for Simple Past Tense when the First Person is Singular:
1) I studied hard for exams.
मैंने परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की।

2) I went to work every day.
मैं हर दिन काम पर गया।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add ‘did not’ before the root form of the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

‘I’ + did not + verb (root form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for Simple Past Tense when the First Person is Singular:
1) I did not study hard for exams.
मैंने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया।

2) I did not go to work everyday.
मैं रोज काम पर नहीं जाता था।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘did’ at the start of the sentence followed by ‘I’ and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark ‘?’.

did + [subject] + verb (root form) + object(optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Simple Past Tense when the Person is Singular:

1) Did I study hard for exams?
क्या मैंने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन किया?

2) Did I go to work everyday?
क्या मैं रोज़ काम पर जाता था?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘did’ at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark ‘?’.

did + [subject] + not + verb (root form) + object(optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Simple Past Tense when the Person is Singular:

1) Did I not study hard for exams?
क्या मैंने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया?

2) Did I not go to work everyday?
क्या मैं रोज़ काम पर नहीं जाता था?

Simple Past Tense Formula for First Person Plural

The formula for Simple Past Tense when the First Person is Plural are that the sentence starts with ‘We’, then a verb in its 3rd form  followed by an object which is optional.

So, we can say that the formula for Simple Past Tense for First Person Plural is as follows:

‘We’+ verb (3rd form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for Simple Past Tense when the First Person is Plural:

1) We studied hard for exams.
हमने परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की।

2) We went to work every day.
हम हर दिन काम पर गए।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add ‘not’ before the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

‘We’ + did not + verb (root form) + object (optional).
Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for Simple Past Tense when the First Person is Plural:

1) We did not study hard for exams.
हमने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया।

2) We did not go to work everyday.
हम रोज़ काम पर नहीं जाते थे।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘did’  at the start of the sentence followed by ‘we’ and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark ‘?’.

did + [subject] + verb (root form) + object(optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Simple Past Tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) Did we study hard for exams?
क्या हमने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन किया?

2) Did we go to work everyday?
क्या हम रोज़ काम पर जाते थे?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ’did’ at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark ‘?’.

Did + [subject] + not + verb (root form) + object(optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Simple Past Tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) Did we not study hard for exams?
क्या हमने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया?

2) Did we not go to work everyday?
क्या हम रोज़ काम पर नहीं जाते थे?

Simple Past Tense Formula for Second Person

The formula for Simple Past Tense when there is a Second Person involved are that the sentence starts with ‘you’, then a verb in its 3rd form, followed by an object which is optional.

So, we can say that the formula for Simple Past Tense when a Second Person is involved is as follows: ‘you’+ verb(3rd form)+ object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for Simple Past Tense when a Second Person is involved:

1) You studied hard for exams.
आपने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन किया।

2) You went to work every day.
आप हर दिन काम पर गए।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add ‘did not’ before the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

‘You’ + did not + verb (root form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for Simple Past Tense when there is a second person:

1) You did not study hard for exams
आपने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया।

2) You did not go to work everyday.
आप रोज काम पर नहीं जाते थे।

3) You did not sleep late on Saturdays.
आप शनिवार को देर से नहीं सोते थे ।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add did  at the start of the sentence followed by ‘you’ and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark “?”.

Did + [subject] + verb (root form) + object(optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Simple Past Tense when there is a Second Person Involved:

1) Did you study hard for exams?
क्या आपने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन किया?

2) Did you go to work everyday?
क्या आप रोज़ काम पर जाते थे?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘Did’ at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark “?”.

Did + [subject] + not + verb (root form) + object(optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Simple Past Tense when there is a second person involved:

1) Did you not study hard for exams?
क्या आपने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया?

 2) Did you not go to work everyday?
क्या आप रोज़ काम पर नहीं जाते थे?

Simple Past Tense Formula for Third Person Singular

The formula for Simple Past Tense when the Third Person is Singular  is that the sentence starts with He, She, Common noun or proper noun, then a verb in its 3rd form followed by an object which is optional.

So, we can say that the formula for Simple Past Tense for Third Person Singular is as follows: He/ She/ Common Nouns/ Proper Nouns + verb(3rd form)+ object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for Simple Past Tense when the Third Person is Singular:

1) He  studied hard for exams.
उन्होंने परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की।

2) Father went to work every day.
पिता रोज काम पर जाते थे।

3) Ram slept late on Saturdays.
राम शनिवार की देर रात को सोया था।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add did  at the start of the sentence followed by He/ She/ Common Nouns/ Proper Nouns and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark ‘?’.

Did + subject( He/ She/ Common Nouns/ Proper Nouns) + verb (root form) + object(optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Simple Past Tense when the Third Person is Singular:

1) Did he study hard for exams?
क्या उसने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन किया?

2) Did father go to work everyday?
क्या पिता रोज काम पर जाते थे?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘did’ at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Did + [subject] + not + verb (root form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Simple Past Tense when the Third Person is Singular:

1) Did he not study hard for exams?
क्या उसने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया था?

2) Did  father not go to work everyday?
क्या पिता रोज काम पर नहीं जाते थे?

Simple Past Tense Formula for Third Person Plural

The formula for Simple Past Tense when the Third Person is Plural are that the sentence starts with ‘They’ or common nouns and ‘are’, then a verb in its 3rd  form followed by an object which is optional

So, we can say that the formula for Simple Past Tense for Third Person Plural is as follows: They/ Common Nouns + verb(3rd form)+ object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for Simple Past Tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) They Studied hard for exams.
उन्होंने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन किया।

2) Boys went to work every day.
लड़के रोज काम पर जाते थे।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add ‘did not’ before the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

They/ Common nouns + did not + verb (root form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for Simple Past Tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) They did not study hard for exams
उन्होंने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया।

2) They did not go to work everyday.
वे रोज काम पर नहीं जाते थे।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘did’ at the start of the sentence followed by ‘They/ Common nouns’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.

did + [subject] + verb (root form) + object(optional)

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Simple Past Tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) Did they study hard for exams?

क्या उन्होंने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन किया?

2) Did they go to work everyday?
क्या वे रोज़ काम पर जाते थे?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘did’ at the start of the sentence, then the subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.

did + [subject] + not + verb (root form) + object(optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for Simple Past Tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) Did they not study hard for exams?
क्या उन्होंने परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया था?

2) Did they not go to work everyday?
क्या वे रोज़ काम पर नहीं जाते थे?SIMPLE PAST TENSE EXERCISES

Q. Translate the following sentences in simple past tense and check the answers that follow. 
1. मैंने बचपन में चॉक्लेट खाई।

2. राम डेली गया।

3. माँ ने बच्चे को प्यार किया ।

4. हम क्रिकेट खेलते थे।

5. हम ने सवाल हल किये।

 Answers:

1. I ate chocolate in my childhood.

2. Ram went to Delhi.

3. Mother loved the child.

4. We played cricket.

5. We solved the sums.

Understanding the Present Perfect Tense

• The Present Perfect Tense is used to describe actions or habits that started in the past and continue to the present, as well as actions that have happened at some point in a person’s life.
• It often answers the question of ‘how long’ and requires the words ‘since’ or ‘for.’

Present Perfect Tense Formula for First Person Singular

The present perfect tense formula for First Person Singular is that the sentence starts with ‘I’ followed by  ‘have’, then the verb in its past participle form, followed by an object which is optional. So, we can say that the present perfect tense formula for First Person Singular is as follows: I + have + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for present perfect tense when the First Person is Singular:

1) I have studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
मैंने पिछले दो महीनों से  परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की है।

2) I have gone to work.
मैं काम पर जा चुका  हूं।

3) I have slept till late this weekend.
मैं इस सप्ताहांत देर तक सोया हूँ|

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add have not before the past participle form of the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

I + have not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the First Person is Singular:

1) I have not studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
मैंने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया है।

2) I have not gone to work.
मैं काम पर नहीं गया हूं।

3) I have not slept till late this weekend.
मैं इस सप्ताहांत देर तक नहीं सोया हूं।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add Have at the starting of the sentence and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).

Have + I + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the First Person is Singular:
1) Have I studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या मैंने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन किया है?

2) Have I gone to work?
क्या मैं काम करने गया हूँ?

3) Have I slept till late this weekend?
क्या मैं इस सप्ताहांत देर तक सोया हूं?

Negative Interrogative Sentences 
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add ‘have’ at the starting of the sentence and ‘not’ after the subject. The rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).

Have + I + not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of negative interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the First Person is Singular:

1) Have I  not studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या मैंने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया है?

2) Have I not gone to work?
क्या मैं काम पर नहीं गया हूँ?

3) Have I not slept till late this weekend?
क्या मैं इस सप्ताहांत देर तक नहीं सोया हूँ?

Present Perfect Tense Formula for First Person Plural

The formula for present perfect tense when the First Person is Plural are that the sentence starts with ‘We’ and ‘have’, then a verb in its past participle form followed by an object which is optional. So, we can say that the formula for present perfect tense for First Person Plural is as follows: We + have + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for present perfect tense when the First Person is Plural:

1) We have studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
हमने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की है।

2) We have gone to work.
हम काम पर गए हैं।

3) We have slept till late this weekend.
हम इस सप्ताहांत देर तक सो चुके हैं।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add have not before the past participle form of the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

We + have not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the  First Person is Plural:

1) We have not studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
हमने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया है।

2) We have not gone to work.
हम काम पर नहीं गए हैं।

3) We have not slept till late this weekend.
हम इस सप्ताहांत देर तक नहीं सोए हैं।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add Have at the starting of the sentence and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).

Have + we + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the First Person is Plural:

1) Have we studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या हमने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की है?

2) Have we gone to work?
क्या हम काम पर गए हैं?

3) Have we slept till late this weekend?
क्या हम इस सप्ताहांत देर तक सोए हैं?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add have at the starting of the sentence and ‘not’ after the subject. The rest of the rule remains the same.

Have + ‘we’ + not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of negative interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the First Person is Singular:

1) Have we not studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या हमने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए मेहनत नहीं की है?

2) Have we not gone to work?
क्या हम काम पर नहीं गए हैं?

3) Have we not slept till late this weekend?
क्या हम इस सप्ताहांत देर तक नहीं सोए हैं?

Present Perfect Tense Formula for Second Person

The formula for present perfect tense when there is a Second Person involved are that the sentence starts with ‘you’ and ‘have’, then a verb in its past participle form followed by an object which is optional. So, we can say that the formula for present perfect tense when a Second Person is involved is as follows:

You + have + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for present perfect tense when a Second Person is involved:

1) You have studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
आपने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की है।

2) You have gone to work.

आप काम पर गए हैं।

3) You have slept till late this weekend.
आप इस सप्ताहांत देर तक सो चुके हैं।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add have not  before the past participle form of the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same: you + have not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when there is a second person involved:

1) You have not studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
आपने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया है।

2) You have not gone to work.
आप काम पर नहीं गए हैं।

3) You have not slept till late this weekend.
आप इस सप्ताहांत देर तक नहीं सोए हैं।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add Have at the starting of the sentence and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Have + you + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when there is a Second Person Involved:
1) Have you studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या आपने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन किया है?

2) Have you gone to work?
क्या आप काम करने गए हैं?

3) Have you slept till late this weekend?
क्या आप इस सप्ताहांत देर तक सो गए हैं?

Negative Interrogative Sentences 
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add have/ has at the starting of the sentence and ‘not’ after the subject. The rest of the rule remains the same.

Have + you + not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of negative interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when there is a second person involved:

1) Have you not studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या आपने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया है?

2) Have you not gone to work?
क्या आप काम करने नहीं गए हैं?

3) Have you not slept till late this weekend?
क्या आप इस सप्ताहांत देर तक नहीं सोए हैं?

Present Perfect Tense Formula for Third Person Singular

The formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Singular are that the sentence starts with He, She, proper noun and ‘has’, then a verb in its past participle form followed by an object which is optional.

So, we can say that the formula for present perfect tense for Third Person Singular is as follows: He/ She/ Proper Nouns + has + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Singular:

1) He has studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
उन्होंने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की है।

2) Father has gone to work.
पिता काम पर गए हैं।

3) She has slept till late this weekend.
वह इस सप्ताहांत देर तक सोया है।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add has not  before the past participle form of the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

He/ She/ Proper Nouns + has not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Singular:

1) He has not studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
उन्होंने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा में कड़ी मेहनत नहीं की है।

2) Father has not gone to work.
पिता काम पर नहीं गए हैं।

3) She has not slept till late this weekend.
वह इस सप्ताह देर तक नहीं सोई  है।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add Has at the starting of the sentence and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Has + He/ She/ Proper Nouns + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Singular:

1) Has he studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या उसने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की है?

2) Has Father gone to work?
क्या पिता काम पर गए हैं?

3) Has she slept till late this weekend?
क्या वह इस सप्ताहांत देर तक सोई है?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add has at the starting of the sentence and ‘not’ after the subject. The rest of the rule remains the same.

Has +  He/ She/ Proper Nouns + not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of negative interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Singular:

1) Has he not studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या उसने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए मेहनत नहीं की है?

2) Has Father not gone to work?
क्या पिता काम पर नहीं गए हैं?

3) Has she not slept till late this weekend?
क्या वह इस सप्ताह के अंत देर तक नहीं सोई है?

Present Perfect Tense Formula for Third Person Plural

The formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Plural are that the sentence starts with ‘They’ or common nouns and ‘have’, then a verb in its past participle form  followed by an object which is optional

So, we can say that the formula for present perfect tense for Third Person Plural is as follows: They/ Common Nouns + have + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) They have studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
उन्होंने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की है।

2) Girls have gone to work.
लड़कियां काम पर चली गई हैं।

3) Boys have slept till late this weekend.
लड़के इस सप्ताह के अंत  देर तक सोए हैं।

Negative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you add have not  before the past participle form of the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

They/ Common Nouns + have not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) They have not studied hard for the exams for the last two months.
उन्होंने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कठिन अध्ययन नहीं किया है।

2) Girls have not gone to work.
लड़कियां काम पर नहीं गई हैं।

3) Boys have not slept till late this weekend.
इस सप्ताहांत लड़के देर तक नहीं सोए हैं।

Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that you add Have at the starting of the sentence and the rest of the rule remains the same.

Have + They/ Common Nouns + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) Have they studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या उन्होंने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की है?         

2) Have girls gone to work?
क्या लड़कियां काम पर गई हैं?

3) Have boys slept till late this weekend?
क्या इस सप्ताह के अंत तक लड़के सो गए थे?

Negative Interrogative Sentences
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the formula is that you add have/ has at the starting of the sentence and ‘not’ after the subject. The rest of the rule remains the same.

Have/ has + They/ Common Nouns + not + verb (past participle form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative interrogative sentences with the formula for present perfect tense when the Third Person is Plural:

1) Have they not studied hard for the exams for the last two months?
क्या उन्होंने पिछले दो महीनों से परीक्षा के लिए मेहनत नहीं की है?

2) Have girls not gone to work?
क्या लड़कियां काम पर नहीं गई हैं?

3) Have boys not slept till late this weekend?
क्या इस सप्ताह के अंत तक लड़कों को नींद नहीं आई है?Present Perfect Tense Exercises

Q. Translate the following using the present perfect tense. The questions are followed by the answers.
1. क्या राधा ने फ़ोन नहीं किया है ?
2. धोबी ने कपड़े इस्त्री कर दिए हैं।

3. मैंने सफाई कर दी है।

4. क्या कार्यक्रम ख़त्म हो चुका  है ?

5. उन्होंने काम ख़त्म कर दिया है।

 Answers:
1. Has Radha not called up?
2. Dhobi has ironed clothes.
3. I have done cleaning.
4. Has the programme finished?
5. They have finished the work.