Text Book Solutions All Class

Q1. How does the author describe the flute seller? What does he say about the flute music?
Ans: The author encounters a flute seller in a corner of the square near his hotel. He holds a pole with an attachment at the top, from which about fifty or sixty flutes are displayed, protruding in all directions like the quills of a porcupine. These flutes are made of bamboo and include various types such as cross-flutes and recorders. Occasionally, he stands the pole on the ground, selects a flute, and plays it for a few minutes. The sound rises clearly above the noise of traffic and the cries of hawkers. He plays slowly and thoughtfully, without shouting about his wares. Although he makes an occasional sale, his attitude remains carefree, suggesting this has been his way of life for years. The author finds it hard to leave, as he has always been drawn to flute music. He notes that the flute is a common instrument across cultures, serving as a link among all of humanity.

Q2. Compare and contrast the atmosphere in and around the Baudhnath shrine with that in the Pashupatinath Temple.

Ans: The Pashupatinath Temple and the Baudhnath Stupa offer very different experiences. The Pashupatinath Temple is crowded and lively, filled with worshippers trying to get close to the priest and the deity. The scene is chaotic, with priests, vendors, devotees, and tourists moving about, along with animals like cows, dogs, and monkeys. The noise and activity make the place feel disorderly, especially when Western visitors attempt to enter, adding to the commotion.

In contrast, the Baudhnath stupa is peaceful and calm. Although Tibetan-run shops line the road around it, the atmosphere remains quiet and still. The author describes it as a place of peace, offering a break from the busy streets. Unlike the bustling Pashupatinath Temple, the Baudhnath stupa provides a quiet space for reflection and serenity.

Q3. How does the author describe Kathmandu’s busiest streets?
Ans: The author describes Kathmandu’s busiest streets as vivid, mercenary, and religious. The landscape is beautiful and lively, filled with constant religious activity. Notable sites like the Pashupatinath temple and the Baudhnath stupa coexist with numerous small shrines and deities. The streets are mercenary due to the thriving tourist trade, featuring narrow pathways bustling with fruit sellers, flute vendors, and hawkers offering postcards. Shops line the streets, selling a variety of items such as Western cosmetics, film rolls, chocolates, and traditional Nepalese antiques like copper pots. The atmosphere is filled with a cacophony of sounds: radios blaring film songs, car horns honking, bicycle bells ringing, and vendors calling out to attract customers. Additionally, the lowing of cows adds to the din as they react to the noise of passing motorcycles. Overall, Kathmandu’s streets are a vibrant mix of noise and activity.

Q4. “To hear any flute is to be drawn into the commonality of all mankind.” Why does the author say this?
Ans: The author reflects on the music of a flute played by a seller in a square near his hotel in Kathmandu. This experience reminds him of the many types of flutes found in different cultures. The flute is a universal instrument, present in nearly every culture, each with its unique tone and pitch. For instance, the Japanese shakuhachi and the Indian bansuri have distinct fingering techniques and sound ranges. The Indian bansuri produces a deep sound, while South American flutes create clear, breathy tones, and Chinese flutes deliver loud, high-pitched melodies. Despite these differences, the author notes that the music from all flutes closely resembles the human voice. Each flute requires pauses and breaths, akin to how we speak in phrases and sentences. These pauses are created by the fingering of the flute’s holes. This shared characteristic evokes a sense of being drawn into the commonality of mankind, instilling a feeling of universality and harmony.

Q5. What ideas do you get about the author from the extract “Kathmandu”?
Ans: The extract “Kathmandu” from Vikram Seth’s travelogue, ‘Heavenly Lake’, reveals several aspects of his personality. As a traveller, Seth demonstrates a strong sense of observation, vividly capturing the essence of Kathmandu’s temples and bustling streets. His descriptions bring these places to life, showcasing his fine aesthetic sense. Indirectly, he expresses a love for serenity when he describes the stupa as a ‘haven of quietness’. Additionally, Seth’s environmental awareness is evident as he critiques the pollution along the Bagmati river. His passion for travel shines through, as he considers taking a longer route back to Delhi despite feeling tired. Seth’s appreciation for music is highlighted when he becomes enchanted by the sound of a flute, reluctant to leave the square where it is played. His reading preferences also reflect his personality; when fatigued, he opts for light, popular literature. Like many travellers, he indulges in local delicacies found in Kathmandu’s bazaars. Overall, Vikram Seth emerges as a person with a deep love for travel, a passion for music, a keen observer, and a reflective mind, capable of portraying places and people with remarkable detail.

Q6. The author has drawn powerful images and pictures. Pick out three examples each of 
(i) the atmosphere of febrile confusion outside the temple of Pashupatinath 
(ii) the things he sees 
(iii) the sounds he hears
Ans: (i) Some examples of the atmosphere of ‘febrile confusion’ outside the Pashupatinath Temple:  

•  A huge crowd outside the temple that includes human beings, animals and birds 
•  Some Westerners in the saffron attire like Hindus trying to intrude into the temple and the policeman opposing them
•  Two monkeys fighting, one chasing the other and jumping on a Shivalinga and then running to the river Bagmati 

(ii) Some examples of the things that the writer sees:

• Women washing clothes on the banks of Bagmati river
• Children bathing in the river 
• A corpse being cremated at the banks of the Bagmati
• A basket with withered flowers, leaves and old offerings being dropped into the river 
• The Tibetan immigrants selling things on the road around the Baudhnath stupa
• The hawkers selling the postcards and other wares in the streets 

(iii) Some examples of the sounds that the writer hears:

• The blaring horns of the traffic
• The sweet and hypnotic sounds of the flute 
• The loud voices of the hawkers.
• The mooing of stray cows 
• The film songs blaring out from the radios
• The sound of car horns 
• The ringing of bicycle bells

Q7. Where does the author find the flute seller and what are his observations about him? What draws the author to the music of the flute?
Ans: The author discovers a flute seller in a corner of the square near his hotel in Kathmandu, amidst various other hawkers. Unlike the other vendors, the flute seller does not shout to attract customers or display any desperation to sell. He carries a pole with about fifty to sixty flutes attached at the top, which protrude in all directions, resembling the sharp quills of a porcupine. Most of these flutes are bamboo varieties, including cross-flutes and recorders. Instead of hawking loudly, he places the pole on the ground at intervals, selects a flute, and plays it slowly and meditatively. The sound of the flute is distinct and clear, rising above the noise of traffic and the cries of other hawkers. Although he does not seem to run a brisk business, it appears that playing the flute is his primary activity, with selling the flutes being incidental. The author is captivated by the mesmerising music of the flute, feeling spellbound by its hypnotic notes. The experience is so profound that he struggles to leave the square, and the music remains etched in his memory, accompanying him back to India.

Q1. How does a tree grow up?

Ans: A tree takes many years to reach its full size. It begins as a small seed that pushes up from the ground. Its roots absorb nutrients from deep in the soil, while sunlight, air, and water support its growth. As it matures, small green branches and leaves emerge from its bark. Over time, the tree becomes resilient enough to survive cuts. Even if it is chopped, it can heal, with new branches sprouting from the stump, eventually returning to its original size. As long as the roots remain healthy underground, the tree will continue to grow.

Q2. What relationship does the tree have with the earth?

Ans: A tree has a deep relationship with the earth, as it relies on the earth for its very existence. The seed germinates within the earth, and the young plant emerges above the surface. The tree absorbs nutrients from the soil, which supports its growth and stability. The earth provides a firm grip for the roots, allowing the tree to grow tall and strong. Moreover, the earth protects the roots from sunlight and air, which could harm the tree. This support is crucial for the tree’s survival, even allowing a chopped tree to regrow from its stump, regaining its original size thanks to the earth’s nurturing presence.

Q3. What does the root of the tree look like when it is pulled out of the earth-cave? What happens to it when it is left exposed?

Ans: The root of the tree, when pulled out of its earth-cave, appears moist and white. It is tender and delicate, having been hidden away for many years, shielded from sunlight and air. This root is not able to withstand the light and heat of the sun. When exposed, it begins to feel scorched and choked. Initially, its colour changes to a brownish hue, and it starts to lose its tenderness. Over time, it hardens, losing its suppleness, and eventually becomes gnarled and twisted. As this process continues, the root withers away, leading to the complete draining of life from the roots, which ultimately results in the death of the entire tree. Thus, exposure gradually robs both the root and the tree of their vitality.

Q4. What would happen if the tree is hacked and chopped?

Ans: If a tree is hacked and chopped but its roots remain intact, the roots will continue to nourish the stump. This stump will eventually sprout tender twigs. If these twigs are not cut back, they will grow and, over time, the tree can return to its original size. The damaged bark will heal, allowing the tree to regain its former strength. Thus, the tree’s life is not threatened, as the healthy roots can restore it to its previous glory.

Q5. Suppose you are a tree. Write a diary entry in about 150 words describing how you were hacked and chopped and your root was pulled out and how you are inching towards your end.

Ans: Dear Diary,

Today, my heart is heavy with pain inflicted by cruel men. Just two days ago, I was enjoying the fresh air and warm sunlight when suddenly, I felt the harsh blow of an axe against my trunk. A man struck me repeatedly, wounding my bark and causing my sap to ooze. My leaves and branches fell lifelessly, and the sharp pain was almost unbearable. When the man finally left for the night, I was relieved that my root remained unharmed, believing I could heal and grow again.

However, the next day, five men arrived. The first chopped large chunks from my trunk, then they tied a rope around me and pulled with force, uprooting my delicate root from the earth. Now, my exposed root lies in the sunlight, turning brown and hardening. Slowly, it will wither away, and I will die. I wish these ignorant people understood that I provided them with fresh oxygen and shade. Sadly, I must say goodbye to this beautiful world due to their insensitivity.

Q6. Trees are our lifeline. So they must not be killed. Write your suggestions on how trees can be protected.

Ans: To protect trees, it is essential to educate the public about their importance in our ecosystem and their role in sustaining a healthy environment. Implementing strict rules against illegal logging and deforestation is crucial. Designating forests as protected areas can help limit harmful human activities.

Supporting afforestation and reforestation initiatives through incentives and resources is vital. Additionally, promoting sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to wood and paper products can reduce the demand for tree cutting. Regular tree-planting drives and campaigns, especially involving schools, can engage communities in conservation efforts. Developing urban green spaces, such as parks and gardens, will enhance the green cover in cities. Finally, fostering a love for trees by celebrating events like World Environment Day and Arbor Day can inspire people to participate in tree-related activities.

Q7. Describe the growth of a tree in detail with reference to the poem.

Ans: The poet, Gieve Patel, illustrates the growth of a tree in his poem “On Killing a Tree”. He describes how a tree grows slowly, firmly consuming the earth. Over the years, it absorbs sunlight, air, and water from nature to produce food. Even when harmed, a tree can heal its wounds; it can regenerate by sprouting new branches. Thus, a tree’s growth is a gradual process, relying on years of nourishment from its environment.

Part 1: Santosh YadavQ1. Write a brief character sketch of Santosh Yadav.
Ans: 

• Santosh Yadav is a brave and strong-willed woman from a small village in Haryana, who became the first woman to climb Mount Everest twice. Born as the only girl among five brothers in a society that valued boys more, Santosh refused to follow traditional rules. 
• Her name means “contentment,” but she was never satisfied with a simple life. Instead of wearing traditional clothes, she chose shorts, and she refused to marry early to focus on her studies.
• Santosh’s determination led her to leave home for school in Delhi, where she worked part-time to pay her fees when her wealthy parents didn’t support her at first. 
• At college in Jaipur, she saw people climbing the Aravalli Hills and decided to try mountaineering. She joined a training institute in Uttarkashi and quickly became skilled, strong, and mentally tough. 
• At just 20 years old, in 1992, she climbed Mount Everest, becoming the youngest woman to do so. A year later, she climbed it again, setting a world record. 
• Santosh was kind-hearted, helping climbers in danger during her Everest trip by sharing her oxygen, saving one life. She also cared for the environment, cleaning up 500 kg of garbage from the Himalayas. 
• Her love for India showed when she proudly raised the Indian flag on Everest. Santosh’s courage, hard work, and kindness make her a true role model.

Q2. How did Santosh carve her own destiny?
Ans: 

• Santosh Yadav was born into a conservative and patriarchal society, yet she refused to let outdated traditions dictate her life. She believed that by choosing a rational and correct path, others would eventually have to adapt to her decisions. 
• This belief guided her actions throughout her life. At the age of sixteen, when most girls in her village were being married off, Santosh resisted this pressure. 
• She firmly stated that she would not marry unless she received a proper education. Despite her parents’ opposition, she enrolled in a school in Delhi. 
• When her parents refused to finance her education, she took the initiative to work part-time to support her studies, which eventually led her parents to relent. 
• Santosh’s choice to pursue a career in mountaineering further exemplified her defiance of convention. She joined the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering in Uttarkashi without seeking her father’s permission, demonstrating her willingness to take risks to follow her passion.
• Her actions consistently reflected her belief that others needed to adapt to her choices, not the other way around.

Q3. Santosh had all the qualities of a good mountaineer. Comment.
Ans: 

• Santosh Yadav demonstrated all the essential qualities of a good mountaineer. Mountaineering demands courage, determination, and physical endurance, alongside a strong sense of teamwork. 
• Santosh excelled in these areas. Within just four years of her training, she successfully scaled Mt. Everest twice, becoming the first woman in the world to achieve this remarkable feat. 
• Her exceptional physical fitness and mental toughness were key to her success. Santosh’s ability to withstand cold temperatures and high altitudes gave her a significant advantage. Moreover, her outstanding teamwork skills were evident as she consistently showed concern for her fellow climbers. 
• A notable instance of her selflessness was when she shared her oxygen with a climber in distress, showcasing her composure and dedication even in dire situations. 
• These qualities not only made Santosh an extraordinary mountaineer but also earned her respect and admiration among her peers.

Q4. Santosh is not only a good mountaineer but also a genuinely good human being. Discuss.
Ans: 

• Santosh Yadav was an extraordinary mountaineer whose achievements were complemented by her compassion and selflessness. 
• Her care for others was evident when she tended to a climber at the South Col, despite being unable to save him. In another instance, she shared her own oxygen supply with Mohan Singh, a fellow climber, which ultimately saved his life. 
• These acts of kindness highlight her deep sense of empathy and concern for others. Furthermore, Santosh’s commitment to preserving the environment showcases her noble character. 
• She was dedicated to keeping the mountains clean and even brought down 500 kilograms of garbage from Mt. Everest. This demonstrates her sense of responsibility towards both her fellow climbers and the natural world. 
• Santosh’s blend of courage, compassion, and environmental awareness illustrates that she was not only a skilled mountaineer but also a person of great moral character.

Q5. Imagine you are Santosh Yaday. You are feeling uncomfortable about enrolling yourself for climbing without seeking your father’s permission. Write a letter of apology to your father politely explaining your situation.
Ans: 

Kasturba Hostel
Maharani College
Jaipur
17th May 1988

Dear Father,

I hope you are well. I am writing to say sorry for joining the mountaineering course at Uttarkashi without asking your permission. I feel bad about my mistake and want to explain why I did it.

I love climbing and always wanted to learn it properly. When I saw a chance to join the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering, I got so excited that I signed up without thinking. I know I should have talked to you first because you always guide me. My excitement made me act quickly, but I didn’t mean to disrespect you.

I promise to be more careful and ask you before making big decisions. I hope you forgive me and support my dream to climb mountains. I want to make you proud.

Thank you for understanding.

Your loving daughter,
Santosh Yadav

Part 2: Maria Sharapova 

Q1. Explain the early challenges Maria Sharapova faced on her journey to becoming the world’s number one tennis player. How did her determination and mental toughness help her overcome these obstacles?Maria SharapovaAns: 

• Maria Sharapova’s journey to success was filled with numerous challenges. Her rise in women’s tennis began in childhood, and by the age of 18, she had become the world’s number one player. 
• This achievement came after years of sacrifice and dedication. At just nine years old, Maria moved to the United States to train, marking the start of her professional career. 
• The separation from her mother for two years was heart-wrenching, yet it did not weaken her spirit. Instead, she developed mental toughness, which became one of her greatest strengths. 
• Maria faced difficult living conditions and intense training, which only fueled her determination. Her perseverance paid off when she won the Wimbledon women’s singles title in 2004, launching her into the spotlight. 
• Her ability to remain calm under pressure and maintain a focused mindset were crucial in her rapid ascent to the top, achieving the world number one ranking in just four years as a professional. 
• Reflecting on her early experiences, Maria noted that the loneliness and challenges she faced taught her resilience. She embraced her struggles, stating, “When you come from nothing, it makes you very hungry and determined.” 
• This determination and her competitive nature were key to her success, proving that her sacrifices were worthwhile.

Q2. Discuss the sacrifices Maria Sharapova and her family had to make in order for her to pursue her tennis career. How did these sacrifices contribute to her eventual success, both emotionally and professionally?
Ans: 

• Sacrifice played a crucial role in Maria Sharapova’s journey to becoming a top tennis player. At just nine years old, she left her home in Russia to move to the United States with her father, Yuri, for training. 
• This decision meant a painful two-year separation from her mother, Yelena, due to visa restrictions. This long absence was emotionally challenging for Maria, but she recognised that achieving excellence in tennis required significant sacrifices. 
• Yuri worked tirelessly to support Maria’s training while living apart from his wife. In the U.S., Maria faced loneliness and the harsh realities of a training academy. 
• She often dealt with older players who would disturb her sleep and demand chores. Instead of letting these experiences discourage her, Maria grew more determined and mentally strong. 
• She learned to take care of herself and never considered quitting, driven by her desire to succeed. These sacrifices, along with her family’s unwavering support, propelled Maria to her dream of becoming the world’s number one tennis player. 
• Her story highlights the importance of resilience and the willingness to endure hardship to achieve one’s goals.

Maria Sharapova won the women’s singles at Wimbledon in 2004

Q3. How did Maria Sharapova’s early experiences in the United States, including her loneliness and separation from her mother, shape her mental toughness and resolve? Provide examples from the text to support your answer.
Ans: 

• Maria Sharapova faced significant challenges during her early years in the United States, which greatly contributed to her mental toughness and determination. 
• At just nine years old, she moved to Florida to train, enduring a painful two-year separation from her mother, Yelena, who could not join her due to visa issues. This emotional distance left Maria feeling lonely, as her father, Yuri, was busy working to support her training. 
• Despite her young age, Maria learned to cope with her situation. She recalled feeling so lonely that she went to bed early, only to be woken by other tennis players who would ask her to tidy up. 
• Rather than allowing this to discourage her, she became more determined and resilient. She developed self-reliance and never considered quitting, driven by her desire to succeed. 
• Maria’s experiences taught her that coming from nothing instilled a fierce hunger to achieve her dreams. This determination was evident in her later success, including winning the women’s singles title at Wimbledon in 2004 and reaching the world number one ranking shortly thereafter. 
• Her journey from Siberia to the top of women’s tennis reflects her unwavering commitment and the sacrifices she made, which she believes were worth it.

Q4. Despite living and training in the United States, Maria Sharapova strongly identifies as Russian. Discuss how she balances her national identity with her professional life. How does this reflect her ambition and focus?
Ans: 

• Maria Sharapova identifies strongly with her Russian heritage, despite living and training in the United States for much of her life. Although she speaks with an American accent and has developed her career in the U.S., Maria maintains her Russian citizenship and expresses pride in her roots. 
• She has stated, “My blood is totally Russian,” and has shown her willingness to represent Russia in the Olympics. This balance between her national identity and professional life highlights her clarity of purpose and focus. 
• Maria acknowledges the significant role the U.S. has played in her tennis training, yet she remains committed to her origins. This determination reflects the same ambition that fuels her drive to excel in tennis. 
• Maria’s aspiration to be the best transcends nationality, demonstrating that while her heritage is important, her ambition motivates her to strive for success. 
• She works diligently to achieve her goals and has made numerous sacrifices along the way. Her Russian background is a source of pride, but her relentless pursuit of excellence in tennis is what truly drives her forward.

Q5. How does Maria Sharapova view her success and monetary gains in tennis? Explain how her ambition and desire to be the best in the world motivated her to work hard and achieve success.
Ans: 

• Maria Sharapova views her success in tennis as a result of her strong ambition and desire to be the best. While she admits that money is a motivating factor, it is not her main goal. 
• For Maria, the ultimate aim has always been to become the world’s number one tennis player. This focus on achieving excellence has driven her through challenging times in her career. 
• Maria recognises that tennis is both a business and a sport. Although financial rewards are part of the equation, they take a back seat to her ambition for success. 
• She has worked tirelessly, faced numerous challenges, and made significant sacrifices to reach the top of women’s tennis. Her determination and focus have enabled her to overcome obstacles, making her one of the best players in the world. Her attitude towards success and money showcases her professionalism and dedication. 
• Achievements like winning the Wimbledon women’s singles title in 2004 and reaching the world number one ranking are testaments to her hard work and commitment to her dreams. Maria’s story serves as an inspiring example of how ambition and perseverance can lead to remarkable success.

Q1. How does the poem justify that people in all countries of the world are essentially the same?

Ans: The poet justifies that people in different countries are essentially the same by highlighting the unity in human nature worldwide. The poem begins with the assertion that “no men are strange” and “no countries foreign,” suggesting that all individuals, regardless of nationality, share fundamental experiences and emotions. Every human body functions similarly, needing basic elements like air, water, and sunlight to survive. We all work for a living, using our hands to labour for our daily sustenance. The poet notes that all humans perceive the world through their eyes, which wake and sleep just like ours. Furthermore, emotions such as love are universal and have the power to connect humanity. In peaceful times, all humans thrive, while war brings starvation, destruction, and devastation. Hatred leads us away from peace, and engaging in warfare only pollutes the earth. The poet emphasises that despite the superficial differences that may separate people from different nations, there is a deeper unity that binds us all. Thus, the poet concludes that people around the world are fundamentally the same. We should embrace our shared humanity rather than focus on divisions that separate us.

Q2. ‘Wars have always brought total ruin in this world, yet they are fought repeatedly.’ Discuss.
Ans: Wars have always caused significant destruction and suffering in the world. They are fought repeatedly because of the ambitions and greed of certain leaders who prioritise their own desires for power, territory, or resources. This hunger for domination often leads to conflicts that can engulf entire nations or even the globe. The poet highlights that wars result in complete ruin for both the victor and the vanquished. They devastate economies, destroy infrastructures, and inflict immense human suffering. Historically, wars were often localised; however, in the modern era, they have become global, making them even more destructive and dangerous. The poet reminds us of the horrific consequences of the First and Second World Wars, which left a lasting impact on the world. The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 serve as a chilling reminder of the potential for destruction that modern warfare holds. The possibility of another war always looms, and the world remains on edge due to the existence of divisive forces and the ongoing arms race. The poet urges ordinary people to recognise their power and resist manipulation by unscrupulous leaders. The hope for peace lies in the hands of the common people, who must unite to foster a sense of global unity and peaceful coexistence. By viewing the world as a global village, individuals can collaborate to create a harmonious and prosperous future for all.

Wars have always brought total ruin in this world

Q3. How does the poet James Kirkup prove that no men are foreign? How far is he able to convince his reader about it?
Ans: In the poem ‘No Men are Foreign’, James Kirkup illustrates that no men are foreign by using both logical and emotional arguments to highlight our shared humanity. The title itself challenges the idea of ‘foreigners’, suggesting that no one is truly strange or different. The poet seeks to dismantle the barriers that divide us, urging readers to see people from other countries as equals. Kirkup points out our common experiences, reminding us that we all share the same earth, breathe the same air, drink the same water, and are nourished by the same sunlight. These basic needs are universal, transcending nationality. Furthermore, all humans experience similar emotions, such as love and the desire for peace. The poet notes that people from various nations work hard to support their families, just as we do. The poem also addresses the devastating consequences of war, which impacts everyone, regardless of their side. War leads to starvation, suffering, and environmental destruction, affecting the planet we all depend on. By viewing others as foreigners, we create divisions that breed conflict and ultimately harm ourselves. Kirkup makes a compelling case for unity and brotherhood, encouraging readers to recognise the shared humanity that connects us all. The poem calls us to reject the notion of ‘others’ and embrace a sense of global kinship that transcends national borders. Through his arguments, Kirkup effectively convinces the reader of our interconnectedness and the importance of seeing beyond superficial differences.

Q4. How, according to the poet, the human earth is ‘defiled’ and the innocence of air ‘outraged’?
Ans: According to the poet, the human earth is defiled and the innocence of air is outraged primarily due to the destructive impacts of war. The word defiled indicates the pollution and degradation of the earth caused by human actions, especially the devastation from conflict. When nations go to war, they unleash a torrent of weapons that ravage the natural environment, turning once fertile land into barren wasteland. The explosive force of bombs and other munitions obliterates the land, rendering it unfit for agriculture and causing irreversible damage to ecosystems. The poet highlights the environmental consequences of warfare, noting that explosions and fires release clouds of smoke and ash into the atmosphere. This pollution makes the air difficult to breathe, thus violating its purity, or outraging it, as it becomes tainted with the toxic remnants of war. Once clean and life-sustaining, the air transforms into a medium for disease and death. The harmful gases emitted during conflicts contribute to the spread of illnesses, further endangering the health of survivors. The poet’s use of the words defiled and outraged conveys a deep sense of violation, as war strips both the earth and air of their innocence and purity. In the aftermath of conflict, both victors and the defeated must confront the environmental devastation, as the once nurturing earth becomes barren and lifeless.

Q5. A great persons tell us to live cordially and as brothers. But we people tend to fight over trivial issues. Why don’t we live with others harmoniously? What makes us fight and hurt others?
Ans: It is true that many great individuals have encouraged us to live harmoniously and peacefully with one another, as brothers and sisters. These teachings have persisted through the ages, urging humanity to embrace love, tolerance, and unity. Yet, despite these messages, we often struggle to follow their guidance. One major reason for this struggle is our insatiable greed—the relentless pursuit of wealth, power, and status. This desire disrupts our inner peace and leads us away from harmony. However, the root of this disharmony goes beyond greed. Deep-seated social issues, such as discrimination based on caste, religion, ethnicity, and wealth, create unnecessary divisions among people. These divisions are artificial, arising from selfish motives and a need to assert superiority over others. Despite knowing that all human beings are fundamentally equal—after all, we are all creations of the same God—we allow our ego and pride to dictate our actions. This ego-driven mindset often leads us to create distinctions even among family members, allowing petty disagreements and power struggles to drive wedges between us. Consequently, we risk losing the respect and love of those around us. Instead of fostering hatred, we should aim to live together in harmony, embracing tolerance, forgiveness, and a spirit of compromise. By doing so, we can cultivate a peaceful and fulfilling life for ourselves and those in our community.

Q6. How are we responsible for war? Explain with reference to the poem No Men are Foreign.
Ans: According to the poem No Men are Foreign, every individual shares some responsibility for war. War does not arise solely from the actions of political leaders or military forces; it stems from the hatred and divisions that develop among ordinary people. When we begin to hate our fellow humans—viewing them as strangers, enemies, or ‘foreigners’—we contribute to an atmosphere of tension and conflict. This tension can gradually escalate into war if left unchecked. The poet highlights that our negative thoughts and actions towards others lay the foundation for violence and destruction. By dehumanising others or treating them with contempt, we plant the seeds of conflict. Our biased and impolite behaviour, whether driven by prejudice, greed, or a thirst for power, creates a breeding ground for war. If we allow these attitudes to thrive, we directly contribute to the chaos and devastation that war brings. Thus, the poem serves as a reminder that peace begins with each individual. By treating others with respect, kindness, and equality, we can prevent the spread of hatred and stop wars before they start.

Q7. The land our brothers walk upon. Is earth like this, in which we all shall lie!’ What does the poet mean to say the above lines? Explain.
Ans: The poet conveys that the land we walk on is the same earth where we will eventually lie after death. This highlights the idea that we engage in all our activities on this shared land. We obtain food, build our homes, and derive many resources from it. Therefore, the poet questions why we label some people as ‘others’. In reality, we all inhabit the same universe, akin to a family. The poet urges us to reflect on the discrimination we create against others and the conflicts that arise from our greed for wealth and power. This desire leads to fighting and harming one another. Ultimately, the poet reminds us that death is a shared fate; nothing we possess will remain ours. In the end, we will all return to the same earth.

Q8. How are we alike? Explain in context with the poem.
Ans: We are all alike in many ways. Our bodies have the same structure, and we all need the same air to breathe, sunlight for warmth, and water for various needs. Our daily routines are quite similar; we wake up in the morning, bathe, have breakfast, and go to work or school. Each of us longs for love and rest at night, waking up to a new day. Since our needs and feelings are the same, it is essential to treat everyone equally, regardless of their colour, caste, region, or gender. We should see each person as our brother or sister. Unfortunately, some self-centred individuals engage in conflict and create divisions that undermine this unity.

Q1. How did Abdul Kalam earn his ‘first wages’? How did he feel at that time?

• Abdul Kalam’s cousin, Samsuddin, used to distribute newspapers in Rameswaram.
• The Second World War broke out in 1939. Now, the train’s halt at Rameswaram was suspended. 
• The bundles of newspapers were thrown out from the moving train on the Rameswaram road between Rameswaram and Dhanuskodi. 
• Now, Samsuddin needed a helping hand to catch the bundles that were thrown out of the moving train. 
• He employed Abdul Kalam to do this job. Thus, Abdul Kalam earned his first wages. This was a great moment for him. 
• He felt a great wave of joy and pride in earning his own money for the first time. Even after many years, Abdul Kalam clearly remembers that day.

Dr A.P.J Abdul Kalam

Q2. “Once you decide to change the system, such problems have to be confronted.” What ‘system’ is this sentence referring to? What are ‘such problems’? Does the text suggest that the problems have been tackled?

• The above sentence refers to religious differences between people. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam belonged to Rameswaram. 
• At that time, the small society of that town was rigid in terms of the segregation of different social groups. 
• This system was prevalent throughout the country. The high-caste people did not like to eat or drink with the people of low castes. 
• The new teacher in Abdul Kalam’s class could not tolerate that a Muslim boy should sit with the son of a Hindu priest. 
• He sent Abdul Kalam to the backbench. But some people have tried to fight these problems. 
• Abdul Kalam’s teacher, Sivasubramania Iyer, served Abdul Kalam with his own hands. He sat down beside him to eat. Later, his wife realized her mistake. The next week, she served Abdul Kalam in her kitchen. 
• Yet, these problems are deep-rooted in India. These have not been tackled even now.

Q3. What does Abdul Kalam say about his parents in the lesson ‘My Childhood’?

• Abdul Kalam is full of praise for his parents. He was born into a middle-class family in Rameswaram. His father was Jainulabdeen. 
• He was neither educated nor rich. Yet he had plenty of natural wisdom. He was also very generous. 
• Abdul Kalam’s mother was Ashiamma. She was a kind and helpful lady. 
• Kalam’s parents were known for their generosity. Every day, more outsiders dined with the family than the number of family members themselves.
• Abdul Kalam was greatly influenced by his parents. His father taught him the value of self-discipline and honesty. 
• From his mother, he inherited faith in goodness and deep kindness. His parents were not rich, but they provided their children with all the basic necessities of life, like food, clothes, and medicines. 
• Thus, Abdul Kalam’s parents greatly influenced him.

Q4. How does Abdul Kalam describe his three close friends?

• Abdul Kalam says that in his childhood, he had three close friends. Their names were Ramanadha Sastry, Aravindan, and Sivaprakasan. 
• All these boys were from orthodox Hindu Brahmin families. Ramanadha Sastry was the son of Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry. 
• He was the high priest of the Rameswaram temple. When Ramanadha grew up, he took over the priesthood of the temple from his father. 
• Aravindan went into the business of arranging transport for the pilgrims who visited Rameswaram. 
• The third friend, Sivaprakasan, became a catering contractor for the Southern Railways. 
• Abdul Kalam says that although they were from different religions, none of them ever felt any difference among themselves because of different religious backgrounds. 
• Their parents were also liberal and generous. Ramanadha’s father rebuked the new teacher for spreading the poison of social inequality in the minds of innocent children.

Q5. In this chapter, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam describes two of his teachers. What is the difference in the outlooks of these two teachers?

• Abdul Kalam describes two teachers from his school days. When he was in the fifth standard, a new teacher came to the class. 
• Abdul Kalam was sitting in the front row next to his close friend Ramanadha Sastry. The teacher could not tolerate that a Muslim boy should sit with a Brahmin boy. 
• He sent Abdul Kalam to the backbench. It made both Abdul Kalam and Ramanadha very sad. Later, however, the teacher realized his mistake.
• The attitude of Abdul Kalam’s science teacher was quite different. His name was Sivasubramania Iyer. 
• He did not believe in social barriers and tried his best to break them. 
• One day, he invited Abdul Kalam home for a meal. His wife was a traditional lady. She refused to serve a Muslim boy in her kitchen. But Iyer served Abdul Kalam with his own hands. Then he sat down beside him to eat his meal. 
• There was a clear contrast in the outlooks of the two teachers.

Q6. Describe the incident at Kalam’s school days when a new teacher shifted him to the back row. What followed this incident?
OR
What mistake did the new teacher in Kalam’s elementary school commit one day? How was he reformed? 

• Abdul Kalam was in the fifth standard at the Rameswaram Elementary School when a new teacher came to their class. 
• Kalam used to wear a cap, which marked him as a Muslim. He always sat in the front row next to his Brahmin friend, Ramanadha Sastry. 
• This new teacher could not tolerate a Muslim boy sitting with the son of a Hindu priest. So, he asked Kalam to go and sit on the backbench, which, according to this new teacher, was in accordance with the social ranking. 
• This incident made both the boys very sad and brought tears to Ramanadha’s eyes. They reported this incident to their respective parents. 
• Lakshmana Sastry, Ramanadha’s father, sent for the teacher and reprimanded him for spreading the poison of social inequality and communal intolerance in the minds of innocent children. He asked him to either apologize or quit school. The teacher not only regretted his unbecoming behavior but also reformed himself.

Q7. Kalam says, On the whole, the small society of Rameswaram was very rigid in terms of segregation of different social groups”. Were they aware of their differences only, or did they also naturally share friendships and experiences?

• Although the small society of Rameswaram was very rigid in terms of segregation of different social groups, Kalam and his family were very broadminded as far as religious tolerance was concerned. 
• His mother and grandmother used to tell him bedtime stories both from the life of the Prophet and Ramayana. Kalam had three close friends and all of them were Hindu orthodox Brahmins. 
• Besides, his family used to arrange boats with a special platform during the annual Shri Sita Rama Kalyanam ceremony. 
• The platform was used to carry idols of the Lord from the temple to the marriage site, Rama Tirtha, which was in the middle of a pond close to Kalam’s house. 
• Hence, Kalam and his family did not let the difference in religious faith affect their behavior. They were as much at ease with non-Muslims as with those from their own religion.

Q8. The author speaks both of people who were very aware of the differences among them and those who tried to bridge these differences. Which incidents help us to identify such people in the text? 

• The incident when Kalam’s new teacher shifted him from the first row, where he used to sit with the Hindu priest so Ramanadha Sastry, to the last row helps to identify a person who was intolerant to differences.
• The incident, when the wife of Sivasubramania Iyer, Kalam’s science teacher, refused to serve food to Kalam, a Muslim boy, in her ritually pure kitchen, helps to identify yet another person who was intolerant to differences.
• However, the incident when Lakshmana Sastry, an orthodox Brahmin priest, reprimanded the new teacher for spreading the poison of social inequality and communal intolerance helps to identify a person who tried to bridge the differences. 
• Also, when Sivasubramania Iyer, an orthodox Brahmin, set an example for his conservative wife by not only serving food to Kalam but also sitting beside him to have his meal, he helped to identify another person who tried to bridge differences.

Q9. Who was Sivasubramania Iyer? What sort of relationship did Kalam’ share with him?

• Sivasubramania Iyer was Kalam’s science teacher. He wanted to break social barriers so that people of different backgrounds could live in harmony with each other. 
• While trying to change the system, he was mentally prepared to confront many problems. He was very fond of Kalam and used to guide and encourage him to be on par with the highly educated people of big cities.
• Once, he invited Kalam to his place to share food with him. When his conservative wife refused to serve food to Kalam, a Muslim boy in her ritually pure kitchen, Iyer not only served Kalam himself but also sat with him to have his meal. 
• He again invited Kalam for dinner the following weekend. However, this time his wife served Kalam as her husband’s example had reformed her. 
• Thus, Sivasubramania Iyer and Kalam shared a strong bond of love, which was nurtured by the teacher’s progressive vision and his concern for his students.

Q.10. Teachers can either ‘make’ or ‘break’ their students’ lives. Cite two incidents from “My Childhood” to prove the truth of this statement. 

• Abdul Kalam’s life was influenced in a major way by some experiences that he had during his school days. They were instrumental in shaping his character and later on his career.
• Once, when he was in the fifth standard, a new teacher came to his class. He did not like Kalam, a Muslim boy, sitting next to Ramanadha Sastry, a Brahmin. 
• So, he shifted Kalam to the back seat simply because it was in accordance with the social ranking of that time. This was a heart-breaking experience for Kalam. 
• This poison of social inequality and communal intolerance could have demoralized the young Kalam if his friend’s father, Lakshmana Sastry, had not intervened. He ensured that the teacher not only regretted his action but also reformed himself.
• Another experience that made Kalam a stronger and wiser person was when his science teacher, Sivasubramania Iyer, invited him to his house for a meal.
•  During the meal, Iyer noticed that Kalam was upset at his wife’s attitude, so he invited Kalam to another dinner the following weekend, saying, “Once you decide to change the system, such problems have to be confronted”.
• These two experiences could have had disastrous consequences for Kalam in particular and Rameswaram society in general had they not been dealt with farsight and wisdom by Kalam’s teachers. 
• Thus, from these incidents, it is clear that teachers can ‘make’ or ‘break’ their students’ lives.

Q11. Suppose you are the new teacher who had sent Kalam to the last row in the class. You realise your mistake after the Hindu priest Lakshmana Sastry reprimanded you. Write a diary entry in about 150 words expressing your regret at your behaviour.

(Day and Date)
(Time)
Dear Diary
My first day at Rameswaram Elementary School was very eventful. Although I was supposed to teach, I actually learned a valuable lesson myself.
On entering the fifth standard, I noticed a boy in a Muslim cap sitting in the front row next to a Brahmin boy wearing the sacred thread. I did not tolerate this, and I asked the Muslim boy, whose name was Abdul Kalam, to go to the last row. The boy and his friend both looked sad, but my order was followed.
In the evening, Lakshmana Sastry, the high priest of the Rameswaram temple and the Brahmin boy’s father, sent for me. He reprimanded me for poisoning young and innocent minds about the differences based on class and community. He asked me to either apologize or quit the school and the island. I was shaken as the warning had come from none other than the high priest himself.
I was totally ashamed of my biased behavior. I regretted having victimized an innocent boy and belittling his religion. I offered my sincere regret and resolved never to let any such prejudice influence my decisions. I am grateful to Lakshmana Sastry for showing me the right path.

Q1. What is the message of the poem?

Ans: This poem teaches us that true happiness comes from sharing with those in need. Greed prevents us from experiencing joy, while a charitable nature allows us to empathise with the suffering of others. The story revolves around a little woman who was baking cakes when a tired and hungry traveller asked her for something to eat. Despite having a large supply of cakes, she was selfish and kept making smaller ones, ultimately refusing to give any away. Her miserliness angered the weary traveller, who was revealed to be Saint Peter. He chastised her for being too selfish to live as a human, where she had food, warmth, and shelter. As punishment, he transformed her into a bird, destined to search for scarce food by pecking at hard, dry wood.

Q2. Describe Northland as done by the poet?

Ans: The Northland refers to the area surrounding the North Pole, which includes extremely cold regions such as Greenland, northern Russia (Siberia), and the Scandinavian countries like Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, and Finland. This region is characterised by its cold, snow-covered landscape, where days are short and nights are long. In winter, the nights are so lengthy and frigid that people often struggle to sleep through them. When it snows, locals use reindeer to pull their sledges. The extreme cold makes children appear like bear cubs in their amusing, furry clothing.

Q3. Briefly narrate the legend of the old woman and St Peter?

Ans: Once, Saint Peter visited an old lady’s cottage, feeling hungry and weak after a day of fasting. The lady was baking cakes, and when Saint Peter asked for one, she attempted to make a tiny cake. However, as it baked, she thought it was too large to give away. She tried twice more, but even the smallest cake seemed too big for her to part with. This greediness annoyed the hungry saint, who cursed her for being too selfish to enjoy the comforts of human life, such as food, shelter, and warmth.

As a result, she was transformed into a woodpecker. All her clothes, except for her scarlet cap, were lost as she flew up the chimney. To this day, it is said that every schoolboy has seen her in the woods, boring into trees for food.

Q1. What kind of room was the doctor living in, and why did he decide to leave that room?
Ans. The room that the doctor was living in was a small, poor, uncomfortable, and unhygienic one. Since his medical practice was not yet well-established, he did not earn much and could not afford a better place. This room had no electricity, and he had to depend on a kerosene lamp for studying. The room was on the outer side of the house, and one of its walls opened into the yard. It had two windows; its roof was tiled and had long supporting gables which rested on a beam over the wall. The room did not have any ceiling and it was infested with rats that kept squeaking all the time.
The doctor’s description of the room shows that he was not happy with this poor accommodation. But he decided to leave it only after his encounter with the snake. It was such a horrifying experience that he had to run to a friend’s house to save his life. Therefore, he decided not to live in the room any longer.

Q2. What kind of woman did the doctor want to marry? What does it show about his character? What kind of wife did he eventually get?
Ans. The doctor took pride in his handsome looks and his medical profession. Therefore, he wanted to marry a rich lady doctor with good medical practice. He also wanted his future wife to be a fat woman. His reason behind this desire was rather amusing. He said that if he made a silly mistake and had to run away, a fat wife would not be able to chase and catch him.
The doctor’s ambition about his marriage shows that he was a status-conscious, money-minded person. He did not think much about the appearance and other qualities of his wife and thought only of her riches. This wish also reveals that he had a sense of humour and could laugh at himself. However, the doctor’s real wife was unlike what he had desired. It is not clear whether she was a doctor or not, but she was certainly a thin woman with the physique of a sprinter.

Q3. What are the similarities between the behaviour of the doctor and that of the snake?
Or
Do you think both the doctor and the snake had some common qualities? Why/Why not?
Ans. The behaviour of the doctor and the snake did have certain similarities. Both of them were enamoured by their reflection in the mirror and stood looking longingly at it. However, the similarity ended at this aspect of their respective behaviour since the doctor could not confidently ascertain the reason behind the snake getting charmed by its own image. The doctor was certainly compelled by his vanity to repeatedly look at his image. So, when he notices the snake looking into the mirror, he thinks that perhaps it too was admiring its beauty or was trying to make some ‘important’ decisions just like him. But these thoughts were as frivolous as the doctor’s decision to shave daily and keep a thin moustache.
Just like the doctor’s obsession with his looks landed him in trouble, the snake, too, seemed to be “taken with its own beauty.” It releases its victim to have a better look at itself in the mirror. Thus, both the doctor and the snake display narcissistic tendencies.

Q4. Why did the snake not strike the doctor, although it was so near his face?
Or
Which qualities and values of the doctor saved his life?
Ans. The snake did not strike the doctor, although it was so near his face, because the doctor remained motionless even when his life was in danger. Displaying great presence of mind, the doctor stayed still like a stone, which assured the snake that there was no danger to it. Snakes strike only in self-defence, and the doctor patiently let the snake go. He remained calm and didn’t jump, tremble, or cry out.
He did not try to either catch the snake to throw it away or to loosen its hold on his arm. Fear had gripped him, but he kept his cool. Thus, the snake left the doctor unharmed and got busy admiring its image in the mirror.
The doctor’s qualities of patience, presence of mind, courage, and calmness helped him ward off the danger posed by the deadly snake and saved his life.

Q5. Write a note on the element of humour in the story.
Or
This story about a frightening incident is narrated humorously. What makes it humorous?
Ans. Although the story “The Snake and the Mirror” by Vaikom Muhammad Basheer is the narration of a serious incident, it contains a strong element of humour. This humour is generated by way of contrasts used by the writer. The doctor reveals his pride and arrogance by telling us how highly he rated his looks and his profession as a doctor. This pride and arrogance stand in contrast to his admittance that he felt feeble and foolish when he encountered the snake. Again, his desire to marry a fat and wealthy lady-doctor who cannot run after him when he commits some silly mistake stands in contrast to the thin and agile lady, with the physique of a sprinter, whom he finally marries. Further, the doctor pokes fun at himself when he says that the thief did not take away his dirty vest because he had a sense of cleanliness. His remark about the snake that perhaps it was making some decision about growing a moustache or using eyeshadow and mascara or wearing a vermilion spot on its head is also witty.
Thus, even a serious incident is made interesting by the doctor’s witty treatment of a very dangerous situation.

Q6. “I looked into the mirror and smiled”, says the doctor. A little later, he says, “I forgot my danger and smiled feebly at myself”. What is the doctor’s opinion about himself when he smiles first and then later? In what way do his thoughts change in between, and why?
Ans. The doctor rated his looks quite high and smiled at his image whenever he looked into the large mirror on his table. He tells the listeners that the first time he looked into the mirror and smiled, his opinion about himself was marked by self-adulation. He thought that and deserved to stay well-groomed. However, these thoughts changed by the time he told the listeners that he forgot his danger and smiled feebly at himself. On the second occasion, his opinion about himself reflected humility. By then, he had realised that he had been vain, foolish and stupid. His encounter with the deadly snake exposed his shortcomings to him. In spite of being a doctor, he did not have any medicine in his room, even for an emergency like a snake bite. His good looks became immaterial when he came face to face with death, and the only thoughts that came to his mind then were about God. The feeble smile indicated his acceptance of the folly and vanity that had so far governed his life.

Q.1. How does the poet capture the sights and sounds of the Lake Isle of Innisfree?
Ans. The poet, W.B. Yeats, had spent many summers during his childhood in the Lake Isle of Innisfree. His memories are so vivid that the sights and sounds seem to have left an permanent impression on his mind. He beautifully portrays the vast, open stretch of land with a very tranquil environment prevailing from morning till evening. The midnight is aglow with the glimmering of the moon and the stars. The noons are bright with a purplish light. In the evening, the linnets, fluttering their wings in flight makes a very captivating sight.
The Lake Isle of Innisfree echoes with the alluring, soothing music of the insects, birds, and waves. The bees sing loudly and the linnets make the evenings energetic with their music. Moreover, there is soft music of the waves striking gently against the shore day and night. Thus, the sights and sounds described by the poet make the island an captivating place.

Poet of The Lake Isle of Innisfree

Q.2. How does the poet contrast city life with life in natural surroundings?
Ans.  Although the poet does not describe the city life in detail, his obsession to go to the beautiful island full of pleasing sights and sounds makes it clear that he wants to leave the noisy life in the city and lead a simple life. The contrast between the crowded cities and the calm, natural surroundings of Innisfree justifies his desire.
The description of green glades and pastures, along with birds and insects singing on Innisfree stand in contrast to the dull-looking roadways and pavements that are full of vehicles and people. This contrast hints at the noise pollution and congestion in cities.
Further, the picture of the island surrounded by the calm water of the lake and its gentle waves present a beautiful sight. In contrast, people in cities are lost in a race of accumulating material possessions. The fewer needs of people living close to nature indicate greater contentment as compared to the city dwellers’ never-ending chase of wealth and material possessions. The poet’s urge to return to natural surroundings for a peaceful life hints at the problems and restlessness of people in cities.
Thus, the poet contrasts every aspect of city life with the life in natural surroundings that are full of pleasure, contentment, and peace.

Q.3. What ideas do you form the personality of the poet from the poem?
Ans. The poet W. B. Yeats who himself is the speaker in “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” gives us a peep into his mind and soul. His desire to return to a peaceful, quiet, and natural place, away from the bustle of urban life, brings forth the positive values that govern his life. In the poem, he emerges as a peace-loving fellow who is sick of the hectic, restless, noisy and materialistic life of the cities.
He emerges as a profound lover of natural beauty and tranquillity. His strong nostalgia for the beautiful sights and sounds on the Lake Isle and his desire to lead a simple life of unbroken solitude and peace on the island reveal the simplicity of his heart and mind.
The poet is endowed with profound imagination and sensitive observation. With very keen senses, he sees, observes and presents the beauty of the island in the morning, in the noontime, in the evening, and even at midnight. He can hear the sounds of the bees, the cricket, the linnet, and the sea-waves. He can visualize the Peaceful meadow, the glimmering light of the midnight and the purple glow of the afternoon. He can also hear the loud, unpleasant sounds of the traffic in cities and contrast it with the captivating and soothing music of the waves.
Further, the poet lacks a materialistic attitude towards life. He wants to evade the hectic activities of the materialistic life of the cities and live in a small cabin of clay and wattles. He wants to have only enough to fulfill the basic needs of life.
Thus, the poet comes forth as a person with a profound imagination, minute observation, strong memories and a deep love for nature. He is inspired by the values of contentment and harmony.

Q.4. How can we make our lives enjoyable? Discuss with reference to the poem “The Lake Isle of Innisfree”.
Ans. The world is full of beauty and pleasures. It has a rich feast for our eyes, ears, noses and tongue. God has provided us with beautiful sights and sounds. But it is regrettable that we have only added misery into our lives by being blind to the beauties of the world. We have become much too materialistic and are always lost in a race for more and more riches. We do not have time to enjoy calmly the beauties of nature. We have even spoilt natural surroundings in the name of development. As William Wordsworth beautifully wrote: “The world is too much with us”; we have cut off our bond with nature.
However, we may enjoy a peaceful life if we check our desires. We must realize that contentment is a source of real happiness. We must curtail our greed, jealousy, and hatred. A life of simple needs, near the beautiful surroundings of nature away from the madding crowd of cities can give us soothing delights.
Love for nature, faith in God, and affection for fellow human beings can restore the peace of our minds. We should develop a keen sense to perceive beauty all around and spare time to enjoy these beauties. The soft feel of pity, sympathy, consideration, kindness, and affection can overpower all the sorrows of life and make life thrilling and pleasant.

Q.5. The Isle of Innisfree is both a place and the poet’s state of mind. Discuss.
Ans. The Isle of Innisfree is a tiny uninhabited island within the Lake Lough Gill in County Sligo in northwestern Ireland. The poet, William Butler Yeats, had spent his summers over here when he was a young boy. The calm, quiet, soothing environment of this Isle impressed him so much that he developed a spiritual relationship with this place. He can now hear voices calling within himself just as he heard the sounds of nature in Innisfree. The existence of Innisfree as the poet’s state of mind is as true as the real Innisfree. The images of this place haunt the poet in such a manner that he can visualize everything not in his mind but in his heart. The real place has given him such beautiful memories that he cherishes them even when he is amidst the roadways and pavements of a city. His desire to escape to Innisfree is so strong that his thoughts are overpowered by it. Thus, the poet’s state of mind itself Innisfree which stands as a symbol of peaceful existence amidst nature.

Q.6. Suppose you are the poet W.B. Yeats and have reached your dreamland – the Isle of Innisfree. Write a diary entry in about 150 words expressing your real experiences and emotions.
In your diary entry, you should say
1. how you felt immediately as you landed on the Isle
2. what sights and sounds you experienced there
3. what effect they had on you
Ans. 
(Day and Date)
(Time)
Dear Diary
I am extremely delighted that my dream of coming back to the Isle of Innisfree has been fulfilled. I have actually reached this pleasant world far away from the disturbing and restless life of London. My first glimpse of the island was extremely fulfilling. As I landed on the green, grassy place, I inhaled the fragrant, refreshing air. I felt as if I were in some fairyland. I ran about enjoying the sight of dense green trees and then sat down to bask in the brilliant sunlight. The rustling of the leaves, the chirping of the birds and the beautiful hues of flowers left me spellbound. I heard the soft music of the waves which, reflecting the sunlight, looked extremely beautiful as they hit the shore and made ripples. I had a nap on the open ridge. In the evening, the linnets, fluttering their wings in the sky, were a breathtaking sight. From under a rock, some crickets were singing. Tonight, I will sleep under the stars and tomorrow I’ll build a cottage for myself.
Everything on this island seems to be heavenly. Every moment spent here is a blessing. After coming here I have realised that the race for money can never give me any pleasure. The environment here is full of contentment and happiness. I wish I had come here earlier. But better late than never.

Q.7. Why do people prefer to live in cities despite the fast-paced and hectic lifestyle?

Ans: Life in a city is undeniably fast-paced, hectic, and often overwhelming. The hustle and bustle of urban life can be exhausting as people rush through their daily routines, juggling multiple responsibilities and commitments. Despite these challenges, many people choose to live in cities because they offer numerous advantages that are hard to find elsewhere.

One of the most significant reasons is the access to better educational opportunities. Cities are home to reputed schools, colleges, and universities, which attract students from different parts of the country. These institutions provide a strong foundation for career development, offering a wide range of courses and specializations that might not be available in rural areas. Furthermore, after completing their education, graduates have better access to job opportunities in various industries that are concentrated in urban areas. The presence of large corporations, multinational companies, startups, and public sector offices makes cities the ideal places to find employment and build a career.

Another reason why people prefer city life is the convenience it offers in terms of amenities and infrastructure. Cities are equipped with advanced healthcare facilities, shopping centers, entertainment options, and public transportation systems. Residents can easily access hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies in case of medical emergencies, while shopping malls, markets, and supermarkets provide a wide variety of goods and services. Additionally, public transportation networks such as buses, trains, and metro systems make commuting easier and more efficient, even if the roads are often congested.

Recreational and entertainment options also play a significant role in attracting people to cities. Cinemas, theaters, art galleries, museums, restaurants, and cafes are abundant, offering diverse forms of entertainment and relaxation. Whether it’s catching the latest movie, enjoying a live theater performance, or dining at a fine restaurant, city dwellers have endless choices to unwind and enjoy their leisure time. This variety of activities and experiences contributes to the vibrant social life that many people in cities cherish.

In conclusion, while life in a city can be stressful and demanding, people continue to flock to urban areas because of the numerous advantages they offer. From education and employment to recreation and social opportunities, cities provide a unique combination of convenience, opportunity, and excitement that is hard to resist. The modern amenities, diverse experiences, and the promise of a better future for themselves and their families make city life a preferred choice for many, despite its hectic nature.

Q.8. Why is the poet deeply attached to the Lake Isle of Innisfree? Explain.

Ans: The poet, W.B. Yeats, holds a deep and emotional attachment to the Lake Isle of Innisfree, a small, tranquil island located in Ireland. This island is not just a physical place for the poet but a symbol of peace, serenity, and an escape from the complexities of modern life. His profound connection to Innisfree stems from both his childhood experiences and the spiritual tranquility the island represents.

Innisfree, for the poet, is a place where he spent his youthful days, surrounded by the beauty of nature. These memories are etched deeply in his mind, and the island has become a sanctuary in his imagination, a place where he can find solace and peace. In contrast to the noise and chaos of city life, the Lake Isle of Innisfree offers a simple, natural environment that satisfies his longing for solitude and calmness. The poet yearns for this quietude, away from the constant distractions of urban life, where he can live in harmony with nature.

The poet is drawn to the island’s soothing atmosphere, which he describes as a place where peace “comes dropping slow.” This phrase suggests that peace gradually envelops the island, bringing a sense of calm and relaxation. The gentle sound of the cricket’s song, the soft buzz of bees, and the rhythmic lapping of the lake’s waves against the shore contribute to this sense of quietude. These sounds are more than just pleasant background noise; they resonate deeply within the poet, leaving a lasting impression on his soul. The sounds of nature, in contrast to the harsh noises of city life, bring him great comfort and inner peace.

Furthermore, the poet is captivated by the island’s natural beauty. The images he paints of the island — the glimmering light of the moon at midnight, the purple glow at noon, and the gentle movement of the waves — evoke a serene and picturesque landscape. These visuals are not only calming but also offer an aesthetic pleasure that deeply affects the poet. The island, with its simple beauty and unspoiled nature, represents a kind of Eden for the poet, a place untouched by the worries and complications of the modern world.

The poet’s longing to return to the Lake Isle of Innisfree is also fueled by his desire for simplicity. He envisions building a small cabin of clay and wattles, where he can live a life of minimal needs, free from materialism. In contrast to the constant striving for wealth and success in cities, life on Innisfree offers the poet a more meaningful existence, one centered on contentment and self-sufficiency. The island’s peaceful environment provides him with a deeper sense of fulfillment, one that he cannot find in the fast-paced, noisy cities.

In essence, the poet’s deep attachment to the Lake Isle of Innisfree is rooted in his search for peace, simplicity, and a connection to nature. The island, with its tranquil sights and soothing sounds, represents a perfect escape from the stresses of modern life. It embodies the poet’s ideal of a harmonious and contented life, one that is in tune with nature and free from the burdens of urban existence.

Q.1. Write a short note on Einstein’s education from school to university.
Ans. As a young boy, Einstein did not show any symptoms of an intellectual genius. His headmaster had a very poor opinion about him and he even declared that Einstein would fail in any career that he chose. However, as he grew up and joined a school in Munich, he showed appreciable progress in his studies scoring good marks in almost all the subjects. However, the strict discipline of the school was not by the free spirit of Einstein. As a result, he frequently had scuffles with his teachers. Being a person of liberal ideas, he felt so suffocated that he ultimately left that school for good. He chose to complete his studies in a school in Switzerland where the environment was more liberal as compared to Munich. Highly gifted in mathematics and having a great interest in Physics, Einstein joined the university in Zurich after completing school, from where he graduated in 1900.

Q.2. What researches and theories proved that Einstein was a true genius? How was he rewarded for his scientific achievements?
Ans.  After completing his university education, Einstein proved to be an intellectual and scientific genius. Though jobless for a while and given private tuition, he eventually secured a position as a technical expert in a patent office in Bern. While working there, he developed his ideas, leading to the publication of his famous research on the ‘Special Theory of Relativity,’ which stated that time and distance are not absolute. His equation, E = mc², revolutionized science and earned him worldwide recognition. Einstein gained further acclaim with his General Theory of Relativity, which predicted the deflection of light from stars due to the sun’s gravitational field, hailed as a “scientific revolution.” In 1921, Einstein received the Nobel Prize for Physics for his contributions, and honors from around the globe followed. Newspapers worldwide praised his remarkable genius, establishing him as one of the greatest minds in science.

Q.3. The author talks about two important letters that Einstein wrote -one to President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the other to the United Nations. What prompted Einstein to write these letters? What impact did they make?
Ans. At the insistence of a colleague, Einstein wrote a letter to the American President, Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1939 warning him that the atomic bomb if made and used by Germany, could not only destroy the whole port on which it could be dropped but also the territory surrounding it. The impact of the letter was both deep and rapid as the Americans secretly developed their own atomic bombs which were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in 1945. As expected, these bombs caused terrible destruction. The large-scale damage caused by these bombings on Japan perturbed Einstein so much that this time he wrote a letter to the United Nations. In this letter, he proposed that there should be only one government in the world. This would put an end to the enmity between nations and hence stop the massacres caused in the name of wars. But this letter did not have any impact. Thus, unlike the letter to Roosevelt, Einstein’s letter to the United Nations failed to evoke any response.

Q.4. Which values does the life of Einstein teach you?
Ans. Einstein was not only a remarkable scientist but also a man devoted to peace. His life teaches that we must love our fellow beings and ensure that scientific discoveries aim to establish peace. He wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, warning him about the destructive potential of an atomic bomb that Germany might develop. Einstein was deeply shocked by the large-scale destruction caused by the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the U.S. In response, he made sincere efforts to spread the message of peace, even proposing a world government to the United Nations. He used his popularity not for personal gain but to promote democracy and peace. Honors and achievements never swayed him; instead, they motivated him to work harder for humanity’s welfare. Einstein’s life inspires us with values of sincere work, devotion to humanity, selfless service, and a commitment to peace.

Q.5. What important lessons can Educationists today learn from the biographical sketch of the great scientist, Einstein?
Ans. “A Truly Beautiful Mind” offers a critical view of the education system. A brief look at Einstein’s life reveals that he was not a fast learner in his early schooling. One teacher even declared he would fail in any course. However, Einstein proved to be an intellectual genius. Educationists can learn valuable lessons from his experience. First, teachers should consistently encourage all students, focusing on their potential rather than making negative remarks. Second, students need a liberal and supportive environment that fosters original thinking and nurtures their ideas. Einstein felt suppressed by the strict discipline at his Munich school, prompting him to leave for Switzerland, where he thrived in a more liberal university setting. Finally, all education stakeholders must work free from biases and prejudices to cultivate an inclusive and effective learning atmosphere.

Q.1. How does the poet react to the sound of the rain falling on the roof?
Or
What is the effect of the sound of the rain on the heart and mind of the poet?
Ans. The poet’s heart and mind react strongly to the sound of the rain falling on the roof. He is in a blissful mood as he enjoys the comfort of his bedroom, leisurely listening to the music of the rain. The music stirs a corresponding echo in the heart of the poet. His heartbeat responds to the sound of the rain by its rhythmic throbbing. He gets engrossed in fanciful, dreamy thoughts. Moreover, the rain awakens many memories of the past. Particularly, it revives the memory of his mother as she looked at her children very affectionately before she went to sleep in her room. He recollects the fond, affectionate look of his mother which she cast on him. Thus, the poet’s mind and heart respond sensitively to the soft pattering sound of the rain falling on the roof.

Q.2. The poet says:
“What bliss to press the pillow
Of a cottage-chamber bed”
Is rain ‘bliss’ for everybody? What do different people feel about the rain?
Or
Does everybody have a cozy bed? Look around and describe how different kinds of people or animals spend time, seek shelter, etc. during rain?
Ans. In the poem “Rain on the Roof”, the poet Coates Kinney relates the various blissful emotions he has while he lies comfortably in his bed. For him, it is pure bliss to listen to the patter of raindrops falling on the roof. But enjoying this bliss is not a privilege for everyone. There are many poverty-stricken people for whom rain brings a number of difficulties. Some of these people are without shelter, while some live in poor, thatched cottages with leaking roofs. When we look around, we find people reacting differently to the rain. Rich people sit comfortably in the verandas of their luxurious houses and enjoy delicious snacks while watching the rain. Those who are burdened with a busy schedule, feel uncomfortable when they have to run around in the rain. Exposed to the rain, the poor homeless are forced to take cover lest they are drenched in rain.
Animals too are uncomfortable when the rain falls. The domestic animals may be protected but the stray ones have to seek shelter. Thus, rain is not bliss for everybody.

Q.3. Suppose you are a poet. You lie in your bed-chamber listening to the ‘pattern’ of the rain. Many memories of your childhood occupy your mind. Write a diary entry in about 100-150 words about the most important experience that you recollect.
Ans. (Day & date)
Dear Diary
(Time)
As I lie here comfortably in my bed enjoying the melodious music of the soft rain falling on the roof, I feel that my bond with the past is strengthened further. Some experiences, buried in my unconscious mind have surfaced today. I recall the day from my childhood when it was raining at night and I was in bed along with my brothers and sisters. Mother walked in our room and looked upon us with affection and warmth in her eyes. I can never forget the love with which her face glowed as she bent over us one by one to put us to sleep. We were like her prized treasures and dreaming darlings.
The rain that night was almost like the one falling today. Not a heavy shower, but a soft and gentle one pattering rhythmically on the roof. It is a bliss to recall Mother’s angelic eyes and smiling face amidst the gentle sound of the rain.
Miss you mom.
Coates Kinney

Q.4. Do you like the rain? What do you do when it rains steadily or heavily as described in the poem?
Ans. Yes, I like rain and prefer to take a bath in the rain for some time. But when it rains heavily, I stay inside and enjoy the beauty of nature. During rains, a romantic atmosphere is created. I feel like curling into bed and watch the T.V. Further I would like to have a hot cup of tea and some nice dish that will make me happy. I also like to watch the sight outside looking through the window. The noise and the smell that comes with rain are very refreshing.

Q.5. What virtue do you find in the sound of rain? Explain with reference to the poem `Rain on the Roof.
Ans. The sound of rain is pleasing to the ear. When we hear this sound, we forget everything. We feel nostalgic and find ourselves in the world of fancies. We remember the sweet memories of the past in a peaceful heart. Of course, we are unable to forget such moments of life. We must take this lesson from the rain and create peace in the mind of people by our behaviour.

Q.6. When you were a young child, did your mother tuck you in, as the poet’s mother did? Explain with reference to the poem ‘Rain on the Roof.
Ans. Yes, my mother used to tuck me in when I was a child. Whenever I said that I could not do some work, she embraced me and took me in her lap to get that work done. She used to feel sad and dejected if I was involved in any kind of mischievous work. Mothers are great in the world. Their love is immortal because it always charges our life in their absence.